[mm]arNrdKU (odkU) jyifOD;vGif[/mm]

[daylight]

jyifOD;vGifudk ESpfacgufa&mufcJhzl;ygw,f/
wpfacgufu tvkyfudpöeJ. aemufwpfacgufu r'rfeJ. 2 ESpfjynfh [ef;eD;rGef;

usaemfodcsifwmav; ajzay;Edkifrvm;/ udk&Srf;av;eJ. jyifOD;vGif usL;ypfrsm; cifAs
tck jyifOD;vGifudk &efukefuae um;wdkuf&dkufa&mufw,fvdk. od&ygw,f/
tJ'gav; &efukefu jyifOD;vGifxGufcsdefav; - jyD;awmh jyifOD;vGifuae &efukefjyefxGufcsdefav; odcsifygw,f/

&xm;eJ.vm&if &efukef-ref;av; &xm; b,ftcsdefawGxGufygovJcifAs/
tcku nrxGufawmh usaemf tcsdefudk rSef;vdk.r&bl;jzpfaevdk.yg/
&xm;eJ.vm&if jyifOD;vGifudk wdkuf&dkufwufvdk.r&yJ ref;av;rSm wpf&ufae&rvdk
jzpfaevdk.yg/

jyifOD;vGifu aecsifp&maumif;wJhjrdK.av;yg/ usaemfwdk. wawG toufawGMuD;vm&if
bmrS rvkyfyJ jyifOD;vGifrSm jcHav;wjcH0,fjyD; at;aq;vmaeum b0aemufqHk;tcsdefawGudk jzwfoef;zdk. pdwful;xm;ygw,f/

t&ifwpfacgufu Star rSm wnf;jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ bkwfuifvkyfxm;wJh [dkw,fu
wvGJawG jzpfukefvdk. vdkuf&Sm&if; Star rSm wnf;jzpfoGm;wmyg/ usaemfwdk.a&mufwJhESpfurS Star u pzGifhwJhtcsdef /Star rSmwnf;vdkufwm aumif;oGm;wmu jrdK.xJeJ. eD;awmh at;aq; jrdK.xJavQmufoGm;Mu naps;wef;av; 0ifpm;MueJ. awmfawmf tqifajyoGm;ygw,f/

tck c&D;udkrSef;vdk.r&wmeJ. [dkw,fbkwfuifvkyfvdk.r&ao;vdk. ulnDjyD; ajzay;MuygOD;cifAsm/ tcku om;awmfav;ygaeawmh aocsm pDpOfjyD;vmrS jzpfrSmrvdk.yg

Thread acsmfoGm;&if awmif;yefygw,f/ udk&Srf;uav;a&;aewhJ jyifOD;vGifordkif;av;u
awmfawmf zwfvdk.aumif;ygw,f/ qufa&;ygOD;cifAsm/ tm;ay;aeygw,f/

'Dae&mav; ajymif;a&G.ar;vdkufjyD/ acsmfukefrSmpdk;vdk.

a';vdkuf

[winekyaw]

tck c&D;udkrSef;vdk.r&wmeJ. [dkw,fbkwfuifvkyfvdk.r&ao;vdk. ulnDjyD; ajzay;MuygOD;cifAsm/ tcku om;awmfav;ygaeawmh aocsm pDpOfjyD;vmrS jzpfrSmrvdk.yg/

udka';vdkufa& . . . [dkw,f bkwfuifvkyfzdkU tcuftcJNzpfaewmvm/ tudkvdkcsifwJY &ufeJY b,fESpfOD;wnf;rvJqdkwm uRefawmfqD PM ydkUvdkufav/ uRefawmf tod[dkw,f &Sdw,f/ uRefawmf taumif;qHk; Budk;pm;ay;r,f/

[mizzle]

tck jyifOD;vGifudk &efukefuae um;wdkuf&dkufa&mufw,fvdk. od&ygw,f/
tJ'gav; &efukefu jyifOD;vGifxGufcsdefav; - jyD;awmh jyifOD;vGifuae &efukefjyefxGufcsdefav; odcsifygw,f/

&xm;eJ.vm&if &efukef-ref;av; &xm; b,ftcsdefawGxGufygovJcifAs/
tcku nrxGufawmh usaemf tcsdefudk rSef;vdk.r&bl;jzpfaevdk.yg/
&xm;eJ.vm&if jyifOD;vGifudk wdkuf&dkufwufvdk.r&yJ ref;av;rSm wpf&ufae&rvdk
jzpfaevdk.yg/

&efukef-jyifOD;vGif um;wkduf½dkuf½Sdr&Sdawmh rodbl;cifAs/ 'gayr,fh &efukefuae &xm;eJYvmr,fqkd&if ref;av;udk aeYcif;bufa&mufr,fqdk&if ntdyfp&mrvdkygbl;/ ref;av;-jyifOD;vGifudk acgufwHkYacgufjyefoGm;aewJh Aifav;awG &Sdygw,f/ usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf a&Tref;arxifw,f/ nae 6 em&Davmufxd ajy;ygw,f/ wjcm; [dkif;vyfpfum;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJh'gawGuawmh vdkif;um;awGaygh/ olwkdYu enf;enf;Mumw,f/ Aifuawmh ydkjrefygw,f/ twufqkd 1 em&DcGJavmufyJ pD;&w,fxifw,f/ aps;awmh enf;enf;ydkBuD;wmaygh/ 'gayr,fh tEÅ&m,fvnf; ydkuif;ygw,f/ Aifum;*dwfuawmh ref;av; b,fem;rSmvnf; rodbl;/ usaemf aemufqHk;rSwfrdwmuawmh 26-vrf;ay:rSmyJ xifw,f/ aps;csdKeJY eD;ygw,f/ vGefcJhwJh 7-ESpfavmufuaygh [D;;;/ ajymif;oGm;NyDvdkYvnf; Mum;w,f/ usaemfaecJhwm MumNyDqkdawmh r[kwfbl;qkd&ifvnf; ref;av;usL;ypfawGu tyf'dwfvkyfay;ygvdrhfr,f/ jyifOD;vGifrSm usaemfu wpfESpfavmuf ausmif;wufcJh&ao;wmudk/

[parkye]

&efukef-jyifOD;vGif um;wkduf½dkuf½Sdr&Sdawmh rodbl;cifAs/ 'gayr,fh &efukefuae &xm;eJYvmr,fqkd&if ref;av;udk aeYcif;bufa&mufr,fqdk&if ntdyfp&mrvdkygbl;/ ref;av;-jyifOD;vGifudk acgufwHkYacgufjyefoGm;aewJh Aifav;awG &Sdygw,f/ usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf a&Tref;arxifw,f/ nae 6 em&Davmufxd ajy;ygw,f/ wjcm; [dkif;vyfpfum;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJh'gawGuawmh vdkif;um;awGaygh/ olwkdYu enf;enf;Mumw,f/ Aifuawmh ydkjrefygw,f/ twufqkd 1 em&DcGJavmufyJ pD;&w,fxifw,f/ aps;awmh enf;enf;ydkBuD;wmaygh/ 'gayr,fh tEÅ&m,fvnf; ydkuif;ygw,f/ Aifum;*dwfuawmh ref;av; b,fem;rSmvnf; rodbl;/ usaemf aemufqHk;rSwfrdwmuawmh 26-vrf;ay:rSmyJ xifw,f/ aps;csdKeJY eD;ygw,f/ vGefcJhwJh 7-ESpfavmufuaygh [D;;;/ ajymif;oGm;NyDvdkYvnf; Mum;w,f/ usaemfaecJhwm MumNyDqkdawmh r[kwfbl;qkd&ifvnf; ref;av;usL;ypfawGu tyf'dwfvkyfay;ygvdrhfr,f/ jyifOD;vGifrSm usaemfu wpfESpfavmuf ausmif;wufcJh&ao;wmudk/

udka';vdkufa& Aifum;*dwfu 27vrf; ESifh 79vrf;axmifhrSmyg/ vGefcJhwJh 1 ESpfcGJutxdawmh tJ'Dae&mrSmyg/ tJ'Dem;udk naeydkif;a&mufoGm;vdkUuawmh Aifum;rpD;cif zufxkwfjyKwfav; pm;oGm;apcsifygw,f/ tJ'Dae&mu zufxkwfjyKwfu emrnfBuD;yg/ qdkifemrnfuawmh rwifhyg/

[khanhlaing]

jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tvSqHk; NrdKUawGudk jyygqdkvQif awmifBuD;ESifh jyifOD;vGifudkyJ uRefawmf nTefjyrdr,f xifygw,f ... uRefawmfu at;at;csrf;csrf; awmifay:NrdKUav;awGudk ESpfouf oabmusw,fAs/

jyifOD;vGifrSm oli,fcsif;&dSawmh ... ref;ajrrSm av;ESpfwm ausmif;wufwkef;uqdk jyifOD;vGifudk cPcP a&mufjzpfw,f .. ausmif;ydwf&if qdkifu,feJY jyifOD;vGifwufNyD? wpfNrdKUvHk; ae&mtESHU avQmufvnf jzpfw,f/ jyifOD;vGifNrdKUudk wu,f oabmusw,f .. jyifOD;vGifrSmyJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfNyD b0udk at;at;csrf;csrf; jzwfoef;csifw,fAsm;/

cufwmu jyifOD;vGifrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfwm raumif;bl;? tem;,l tyef;ajzwmyJ aumif;w,f/ wjcm;NrdKUawGxuf tpp t&m&m tm;vHk; aps;BuD;w,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf .. jyifOD;vGifudk uRefawmfcspfw,f? jyifOD;vGifolawGudkvnf; uRefawmf rrkef;ygbl;/ b0&JU aemufqHk;tcsdefav;awGudk jyifOD;vGifrSmyJ rdom;pkESifh twlwl aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif t"dyÜm,f&dS&dS ukefqHk;csifawmhw,f/

jyifOD;vGifolawGa& ... 'DrSm crf;vdIifwpfa,muf &ifzGifhaeygw,fAsdKU? jyifOD;vGifrSm aecsifvGefvGef;vdkYyg

'geJY ... pum;rpyf/ jyifOD;vGifudk emrnf ig;rsdK;eJY ac:Muw,faemf/ uRefawmfu arNrdKU? jyifOD;vGif? awmifavScg;NrdKU? yef;NrdKUawmfwdkYyJ odw,f/ aemufwpfrsdK;u b,fvdkac: ovJ rodbl;aemf/

[hlabuyodiaa]

'geJY ... pum;rpyf/ jyifOD;vGifudk emrnf ig;rsdK;eJY ac:Muw,faemf/ uRefawmfu arNrdKU? jyifOD;vGif? awmifavScg;NrdKU? yef;NrdKUawmfwdkYyJ odw,f/ aemufwpfrsdK;u b,fvdkac: ovJ rodbl;aemf/

usefwJYwpfrsdK; tJ'gawmY rodbl;As? usaemfzwfzl;wmu a&S;wkef;uawmY jrefrmbk&ifawGvufxufu tJ'Da'oudk ysOfOD;vGef vdkYac:w,fwJY/

jyefwrf;awGrSm ygw,fqdkyJ? ref;av;NrdKYwnfawmY NrdKYtus,fudktrdefYeJYjyefwrf;xkwfawmY ta&SUbuf ysOfOD;vGef t&yfxdayghav/ ysOfOD;t&yfudk vGefí aygh? tJ'D ysOfOD;&yfuawmY ckb,fae&mudkajymwmvJ usaemfrrSwfrdawmYbl;/

arNrdKUudk emrnfajymif;r,fqdkawmY a&S;tac: ysOfOD;vGef udk jyifOD;vGif vdkY jyifrSnfhvdkufMuw,fwJY/
rSm;ae&if jyifay;MuygcifAsm/ pmtkyfvJ rrSwfrdawmYbl;/


Mo'd,

[shankalay2007]

jyifOD;vGif&GmrSmukef;abmifacwffuwnf;ujyifOD;qdkao m&Gmemrnfjzifhwnf&SdcJhNyDjzpfaMumif;
cdkifvHkaomtaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdonf/

odkYaomf1212ck(yk*Hrif;vufxuf)wGifjyifOD;vGif&Gmtr nfay;cJhyHkESifhywfowfí
r[maombdw&mrausmif;wdkuf(aps;awmifausmifBuD;)tm&rfaj ray:wGifpkdufxla&;xdk;xm;aom
atmifajrbHkomausmufpmwGif urÜnf;a&;xdk;xm;onfrSm jyifOD;[laomtrnf\
aemufwGif vGif wpfvkHxyfwdk;cJhjcif;tmjzifh jyifOD;vGif jzpfvmcJhonf[k tqdk&dScJhonf/

1886 ckESpfwGif jyifOD;vGiftm;odrf;ydkufcJh trSwf(5)bif;a*:ajcjrefwyf&if;rS wyf&if;rI; AdkvfrIBuD;ar (Col.May) udktpGJjyKí jyifOD;vGif\trnfudk 1897 ckESpfwGif
arNrKdU [k w&m0if trnfajymif;cJhonf/

1351 ckESpf wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf(5)7uf?1989 ckESpf edk0ifbmv(17)&ufaeYpGJjzifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&/jynfxJa&;ESifhomoema&;0efBuD;|me?trdefaMumfjimpmjz ifh arjrdKU NrdKe,f ESifh arNrdKU NrdKUtrnfrsm;udk jyifOD;vGifNrdKUNrdKUe,f ESifhjyifOD;vGifNrdKU[kjyifqifowfrSwfaMumif; trdeYfaMujimpmxkyfjyefcJhonf/

[shankalay2007]

[shankalay2007]

uRefawmf e*g;armufyif wpfyifawGYwmeJY &dkufvmwmav;awGyg..../

rjrifbl;wJh usL;ypfuarmifESrawGjrifbl;atmifvdkY wifay;vdkufygw,f.../

bm&,fawmhr[kwfygbl;...A[kokw ayghAsm..../

[shankalay2007]