[mm]"r®apwDacgif;avmif;BuD;[/mm]

[THIHA]

&efukefNrpf twGif;rSacgif;avmif;MuD;.....

[dki,fi,fwkef;uaygY....vlNuD;awGaNymwmawmYMum;bl;w, f..
toHrNrnfbl;?&efukefNrpfqHkrSm..wcgwcg a&Twd*Hk bk&m;NuD;udk wufwuf zl;w,f.
vNynfY?vuG,fnawGqdk acgif;avmif;NuD;&JU xdyfydkif;[ma&ay: rSmay:aewwfw,f...wcgw&H toHNrnfw,f/
ponfNzifY Mum;zl;usrSmaygY
uRefawmfMum;zl;wmav;awGaNymMunfYr,f...
'Dacgif;avmif;NuD;ukd NAdwdoQ awG[mtaNrmufoGef;vkyf&eftwGuf o,faqmifoGm;&mrSmESpfNrKyfcJYoGm;w,fvdkYod&w,f..&e fukefNrpf&JY a&pD;oef&m NrpfqHkrSm ESpfNrKyfaew,fvdkYvJaNymMuw,f/acgif;avmif;NuD;udkoGef;vkyf&mrSm yxrwNudrf ratmifNrifyJ 'kwd, tNuDrfrSomatmifNrifNyD;pD;cJYw,f..NyD;pD;csdefrSm rdacsmif; eu©wf eJYwdkufqdkifoGm;wJYtwGuf toHrNrnfbl;vdkYvJ ordkif;taxmuftxm;awGrSmawGY&w,f/
vNynfYnawGrSm ig;zrf;xGufwJYvlawG[m acgif;avmif;NuD;&JY xdyfydkif;uGif;NuD;udk abmrSwfNyD; toHk;NyKcJYzl;olawGvJ&Sdw,fvdkY .......acgif;avmif;oGef;vkyf&mrSmvJ a&T?aiG?ausmufoHywÅNrm; tukefvHk;a&maESmNyD; xkvkyfcJYw,fvdkY zwfzl;w,f..
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'Dacgif;avmif;NuD;[m a&Twd*Hkbk&m;&ifNyifawmfrSm&SdaewJY acgif;avmif;NuD;(om,m0wDrif; acgif;avmif;NuD;.) xufMuD;rm;w,fvdkYod&ayr,f tav;csdefudkrrSwfrdawmYyg..
uRefawmfpdwf0ifpm;ovdk usefwJY nDtudk?armifESrawGvJpdwf0ifpm;usrSmyg
ordkif; qdkwm[maMumufzdkYaumif;ygw,f....'gaMumifY twdtusraNym&Jyg...
uRefawmY xufydkNyD;awmY tawGYtMuHK&Sdolrsm; a0rQay;ygOD;cifAsm..

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[mg pyin]

tudka& .. a&Twd*Hkay:rSm&Sdwm .. rif;uGef;acgif;avmif;r[kwfbl;xifw,f .. rifuGef;acgif;avmif;u rif;uGef;rSmyJ&Sdw,fxifw,fAs/ a&Twd*Hkay:rSm&Sdwmu .. om,m0wDrif;acgif;avmif;xifw,f

[kokokhantchaw]

acgif;avmif;qdkvdkU
rif;uGef;acgif;avmif;MuD;av; rif;jzLrSefrSefajym (55555) acgif;avmif;MuD;av
tJonfacgif;avmif;MuD;udk b,fvdkvkyfjyD;awmhrsm; csdwfqGJcJhovJ....vdkUodcsifom;/
[dk;wkef;u u&def;awGvnf; r&Sd 0efcsDpufvJr&Sd? qiftm;eJUvJr&...
b,fhES,hfrsm; rcJhygowkef; rod.../

armifcefU:cool::cool::cool:

[cohtet]

acgif;avmif;taMumif;awG jyefpkay;vdkufygw,f ..
acgif;avmif;q,fwJY taMumif; cspfpH0if; pmtkyfa&;zl;ygw,f/ olYom;qkH;yg;oGm;wJY taMumif; tygt0ifyg/ EdkifiHjcm;u ynm&SifawG tultnDeJYvJ &SmMuygao;w,f/ tJ'D pmtkyf&SmMunfYMuygvm;Asm/ tESpfcsKyf jyefwifay;aygY/

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usL;ypfrSm o&uf'fr&Sdao;ygbl;/ udkoD[ zGifhr,fqdk aumif;wmaygh/
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ukdoD[a&.. tJ'Do&ufr&Sdao;bl;xifw,fAs/wcgrS usL;ypfrSm rawGYzl;bl;/
zGifYomzGifYygAsm/usaemfvJ tJ'DtaMumif;av;awG odoavmufav; eJeJ0ifa&;csifvdkY/

uRefawmfBum;zl;wmu "r®apwDrif;&JU toHrxGufwJU acgif;avmif;BuD;vm;vdkU/ wcgwcg a&xcsdef a&ppf&if Nrif&ao;w,f qdkvm;bmvm;/

"r®apwDrif; acgif;avmif;ygcifAsm? AdkvfcifnGef. vufxufwkef;u tJ'Dhacgif;avmif;BuD; udkq,fzdk. aumfrwDawGygawGzJG.NyD;vkyfcJhygao;w,f/ ratmifNrifcJhygbl;/ tJ'Dh aumfrwD0ifrsm;[m wpfenf;r[kwfwpfenf; eJh. aoqHk;cJhBu vdk. acgif;avmif;BuD; udkq,f&if cdkufw,fvdk. owif;awmifxGufcJhygao;w,f/ pnfyiftwGif;a&;rI; OD;ausmf0if; wdk. pma&;p&m cspfpH0if;&J.om; wdk.vnf; tcsdefrwdkifcif aoqHk;cJh&ygw,f/

usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf 0ifaNymrdwmyg? ydkNyD;odwJholawG usL;ypfxJrSmtrsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/

yef;oaNy ESifh xef;a& avmif;vsuf

acgif;avmif;MuD;udk pvkyfwkef;u rdausmif;eu©wfeJU ,SOfNyD; xkvkyfvdkufwJhtwGuf toHrNrnfyJ .. a&rSmaysmfwJh twGufaMumifh &efukefNrpfxJrSmaewm tawmfMumaeaMumif;awmh rSwfom;zl;ygw,f/ vNynfhvuG,fnawGrSm NrpfxJrSmay:vmNyD; a&Twd*Hkbk&m;MuD;ukd OD;wkdufwmudk &Hzef&Hcg avSwcsdKUuNrifawGUaMumif; yg;pyfyHkNyifvJMum;zl;aMumif;ygcifAsm/

[MrYoDa]

oli,fcsif;wpfa,muf ykZGefaxmifacsmif;em;rSm aew,f
acgif;avmif &SmazGa&; site u olwdkY tdrfem;rSmwifyJ
acgif; avmif;&JY csdwfwJh uGif;BuD; udk a&ay: rSm jrif&avh &Sdw,f qdkwm olwdkY vnf; Mum;zl;w,f.. 'gayr,fh olwdkY wpfoufrSm awGYzl;w,f&,fawmh r&Sdao;bl;wJh

&Sd&ifawmh q,fjzpfatmif q,foifhw,f .. / q,fNyD;&if urÇmay: rSm tBuD;qHk; acgif;avmif;BuD; jzpfvdrfhr,f.. vuf&Sd yxreJY 'kwd, tBuD;qHk;awGu &k&SrSm&Sdw,f wJh .. /

aemuf acgif;avmif; u cdkufw,fqdkwm..
tcsdKYuvJ avmuD tif; ynm&SifjzpfNyD; &[ef;b0uae vl0wfvJcJh wJh "r®apwDrif;[m acgif;avmif;BuD;udk olwwfuRrf;wJh tif;ynmeJY ab;uif;atmif pD&ifcJhw,f vdkY qdkygw,f.. / oludk,fwdkif qHk;jzwfoGef;vkyfcJh&mrSm rdausmif;eu©wf rdvdkY acgif; avmif;[m toH rxGuf bl;vkdY ajymw,f .. /

q,fwJh olawGxJ rSm q&mcspfpH0if; olYom; tvwf acgif;avmif;udk avhvm&if; acG;&l;udkufcH&vdkY qHk;yg;oGm;w,f qdkwm&,f .. aemuf tcsdKY aumfrwD0ifawG qHk;yg;oGm;w,fqdkwm&,f aMumifh vJ ygr,f/ aemuf jyefajym yHkjyifawGaMumifhaygh .. / acgif;avmif;u ae odkufawG bmawG jzpfukefwJh txdyJ .. /

aemuf tJh'dacgif;avmif;udk q,fzdkY pl;prf;rI awGvkyfwJh aeY rSm avjyif;rdk;jyif;us w,fwJh../ trSefu tJh'daeY u waygif;vjynfhaeYyg .. / waygif;vjynfhaeY a&uscsdefrSm acgif;avmif;BuD; &JY uGif; ay: w,fvdkY qdkwJht wGuf apmifh Muwmyg/ uRefawmf rSwfom;rdoavmuf waygif; vjynfhaeYeJY 0ef;usifvdkvdk &ufawGrSm wpfae&m&mrSm av;jyif;rdk;jyif;usavh &Sdygw,f.. / acgif;avmif;BuD;aMumifh oufouf&,f rjzpfEdkifygbl; .. /

uRefawmf ,lqwmuawmh uG,fvGefrI awG[m wdkufqdkifrI oufoufyJ jzpfygvdrfh r,f/ ckxd aumif;aumif; rq,fEdkifwm? ae&mudk cefYrSef;&HkyJ cefYrSef;Edkifwm[m vdktyfwJh acwfrD enf;ynmeJY ,EÅ,m; tiftm;? aiGtiftm; r&SdvdkY vdkY jrifygw,f/ acgif;avmif;udk a&Twd*Hkukef;awmfay: jyefwnfzdkY pnf;a0;MuwJh tcg . oHjcif;eJY tkyfNyD; pGyfzm;eJY qGJwifr,fvdkY tBuHjyKMuygw,fwJh .. / ( National Geographic u Mega Mover awG udk avhvm oifhw,fxifw,f.. / ) ykZGefawmifacsmif;uae vlae&yfuGufawGudk jzwfNyD; jyefo,fzdkY u rvG,fwmawmh trSefyg.. /

q,fEkdif&ifawmh taumif;qHk;ygyJ.. / bmoma&; oauFwm wpfck qdkwmxuf trsdK;om; tarGtESpf wpfckrdkYyg/ urÇmh tBuD;qHk; acgif;avmif;BuD;yg wJh ... /

[kopaetoe]

acgif;avmif;qdkvdkU
rif;uGef;acgif;avmif;MuD;av; rif;jzLrSefrSefajym (55555) acgif;avmif;MuD;av
tJonfacgif;avmif;MuD;udk b,fvdkvkyfjyD;awmhrsm; csdwfqGJcJhovJ....vdkUodcsifom;/
[dk;wkef;u u&def;awGvnf; r&Sd 0efcsDpufvJr&Sd? qiftm;eJUvJr&...
b,fhES,hfrsm; rcJhygowkef; rod.../

armifcefU:cool::cool::cool:

Mum;zl;w,frvm; oDcsif;av;

rif;uGef; acgif;avmif;MuD;ukd&atmif b,fvkdcsD
acG;wkd;pufu b,frSm&Ekdifrnf
MudK;eJU vufeJU qGJ.. umjrJ&&Smonf


acgif;avmif;MuD;ab;u yef;csDykHawGrSmawmh a&wufcsdef ajrmif;azgufjyD; azgifeJUo,fwJhykHawG awGYzl;w,fAs
tJhvkdaerSmaygh

[cohtet]

aysmufqkH;aewJY "r®apwDrif;acgif;avmif;u jyefawGY&if urÇmYtBuD;qkH; acgif;avmif;jzpfrSmyg/ ydóm 180000 (293 wef) &Sdw,fvdkYqdkygw,f/ avmavmq,f tBuD;qkH;acgif;avmif;u &k&Sm;uyg 216 wefav;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fY oGef;pOfuxJu yJYoGm;NyD;? xdk;vdkYvJ r&yg/ olaemufrSmu *syef eJY w&kwfu acgif;avmif;awGyg/ urÇmYeHygwf 4 urif;uGef;acgif;avmif;yg/



rif;uGef;acgif;avmif;udk xdk;vdkY&wJY acgif;avmif;awGxJrSm urÇmYtBuD;qkH; vdkYajymMuygw,f/ olu ydóm 55555 (rif;jzLrSefrSefajym) wef 90 av;ygw,f/



jrefrm&JU 'kwd,tBuD;qkH;u a&Twd*kH&ifjyifrSm &SdwJY om,m0wDrif;acgif;avmif;yg (pOfYul;rif;acgif;avmif;qdkwm twlwlyJxifw,f? odwJYolajymygOD; )/ olu 42 wefav;ygw,f/

tBuD;qkH;acgif;avmif; pm&if;udk 'DrSmMunfYEdkifygw,f .
1/ &k&Sm; 2/ *syef 3/ w&kwf (2000 jynfYESpfuoGef;xm;wmyg)
4/ rif;uGef; 5/ udk&D;,m; 6/ &k&Sm;

hhttp://www.russianbells.com/interest/biglist.html

Mum;bl;em;0eJY &SmMunfYxm;wmyg ..

udkxuf

[MrYoDa]

tBuD;qkH;acgif;avmif; pm&if;udk 'DrSmMunfYEdkifygw,f .
1/ &k&Sm; 2/ *syef 3/ w&kwf (2000 jynfYESpfuoGef;xm;wmyg)
4/ rif;uGef; 5/ udk&D;,m; 6/ &k&Sm;

hhttp://www.russianbells.com/interest/biglist.html

Mum;bl;em;0eJY &SmMunfYxm;wmyg ..

udkxuf

&bl;.. &bl;..
tJh'd 2000 rS w&kwf vkyfwmBuD;pm&if;xJu z,fypfr,f
1900 rwdkifcif vkyfxm;wmyJ pm&if;0ifr,f..
(rif;uGef;u tqifh 3 jzpfoGm;vdkY)
wwd, tBuD;qHk; a&S;a[mif;acgif;avmif;BuD; aygh ..

[yadanarmg]

uRefawmfMum;zl;wmuawmU tJ'D"r®apwDrif;acgif;avmif;wnfae&maNrykHawGbmawGawmif
xGufcJUNyD;NyDqkdyJ? oGm;avolMuD;vufxufrSm awmfawmftm;ay;cJUvkdU c&D;awmfawmfa&mufqkdyJ? olvJoGm;a& a&pkefaNrma&mwJU?
acgif;avmif;MuD;u &THxJawmfawmf epfaewJUtwGuf awmf&kHenf;ynmeJUr&Edkifbl;wJU?
EdkifiHNcm;om;ynm&SifwpfzGJUudk yPmrprf;oyfrIawGvkyfapcJUbl;w,fvkdUaNymw,f?
uRefawmfUq&mwpfa,mufu tJU'DtzGJUxJrSmygw,f?? tufckd;aqmif'g vkd[mrsKd;eJUwkdif;NyD; uGefwkd&pfxm;wJUykHav; &Sdw,fwJU?
aemufawmU bwf*sufawmfawmfvkdr,f qkdNyD; wifwm? ckxdbmrSrxl;awmUbl;?
uRefawmfU udk,fykdiftNrift&qkd&ifawmUNyefq,foifUygw,fAsm? "gwfaiGUa&mif;&wJUykdufqHxJu eJeJzJUay;NyD;awmUaygU?
wkdUNrefrmNynfvJ odyfracygbl;? urmÇausmfawGtrsm;om;vm; aemfU

[Perigee]

tJ'Dacgif;avmif;BuD; taMumif;uvJ ajym&&if '@m&Dvkdvdk ? ,kHwrf;pum;awGvdkvdkuvJ tawmfrsm;Asm; ? wcsdKYuawmh vjynfY vuG,fnawGqdk&if acgif;avmif;xdyfucsdwf ( uGif; ) BuD;ua&v,facgifrSmay:wwfw,fwJY ? tJvdkay:vmwJYtcg vlwuf&yfvdkYawmif&w,fvkdYqdkygw,f ? eE©wåa&mifjcnfwdkY bmwdkYrSm tJ'geJYyufoufjyD; aqmif;yg;awG awmfawmfzwf&ygao;w,f ? usaemftrSwfrrSm;&if 90ausmf ckESpfawG ( 93 - 94 avmufjzpfr,fxifw,f )uawmh jyifopftzJGYawG vmavYvmoGm;Muygao;w,f ? 2 acgufavmufawmif&Sdrvm;yJ ? ae&mtwdtusudkajrykHqJGNyD;jyDwJY ? 'gayr,fYwcsdKYawGajymwmuawmh atmufuEIef;awGeJYa&pD;uvJ &Sdawmh ae&ma&GYa&GYoGm;wwfw,fvdkYvJqdkygw,f ? ,kHMunfolwcsdKYuawmh 'gokdufeef;&SdvkdY zGufzGufxm;vdkufwm bmnmajymMuwmayghAsm ? a&ikyfMunfYawmhvJ tJ'Djrpf0ae&mu awmfawmfav;udk a&aemufvdkY bmrSodyfrjrif&bl;wJYAs ? 'gayr,fY tJ'DjyifopftzJGYawGuawmh acwfrSDud&d,m ( oHvkdufvIdif;awGvTwfjyD; location &SmwJYypönf;rsdK; ) awGudkokH;oGm;awmhum tJYwkef;uawm hjrefrmynm&SifawGrSm txl;wqef;ayghAsm ? olwdkYajymoGm;wmuawmh wu,fvdkcsif&if wu,f,lay;vdkY&ygw,fwJY ( tJtJ bwf*swfawmhvdkwmayghav ) [dk; ork'´&m teufBuD;awGatmufu oabmFBuD;awGawmifq,fvdkY&ao;wmyJ ? usaemfwdkY raocif 'Dacgif;avmif;BuD; q,fjzpfcJYr,fqdk&ifawmh MunfY&ao;wmyaemh