Famous Myanmars

[KLM]

This is a short article about Sayar U Thar Noe written by Sayar Tin Moe in Irrawaddy. For those who cannot access Irrawaddy.

http://www.irrawaddy.org/bur/bawa200...v_07_2006.html

b0½kyfyHkvTm (4)
armifomEdk; (odkYr[kwf) tNzD;tjzef; rBudKufol
wifrkd;

vlyHkyef;u t&yftarmif; cyfvwfvwf? tom;ta&u tnmaoG;ndKndK? rsufESmu rcsKd? cyfwif;wif;? toHMoZmu aumif;aumif;? waphwapmif; tuJcwf&&if rmeoH? &mZrmefayguf[ef&Sd/

tJ'g[m ref;wuúodkvf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif emrnfausmf armifomEdk;&JU ½kyfyHkvTmygyJ/ t*Fvdyfpmwwfw,f? owådAswåd&Sdw,f/ r[kwfrcH awmfvSef&JwJhpdwf &Sdw,fvdkY emrnfBuD;w,f/

olYtzdk;u wdkifwm;rif;BuD;/ oDaygacwfrSm wefcdk;BuD;wJh0efBuD;/ cufxefw,fvdkY ausmfapmw,f/ armifomEdk;[m wdkifwm;rif;BuD;&JU "mwfyHkeJY awmfawmfqifw,f/

`uHaumif;vdkYayghAsm … ukef;abmifacwfrSmom ußGefawmfwdkYvljzpfcJh&if armifomEdk;&JU wawmifeJY taxmif;cH&rJh udef;yJAs´vdkY ußGefawmfwdkYuajym&if NyHK;aphaphvkyfaewwfw,f/

wu,fwrf;usawmh armifomEdk;[m taetxdkif pnf;urf;BuD;w,f/ jzpfuwwfqef; raewwf/ avmuGwfpum; rqdkwwf/ pum;udk wdkwdkjywfjywfajymwwfw,f/ wdwdusus ajymwwfw,f/ awmifpOfa&r& ajymwmudk rBudKuf/ rBudKuf&if [efraqmif/ aigufwwfw,f/ olYudk MunfndKMuayrJh teD;tem; &J&Jruyf0Hh/ pdwfwdkif;rus&if a[mufvdkuf aigufvdkufrSmudk aMumufMuw,f/

olu ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD; pnf;½Hk;a&;twGuf&nfpl;NyD; wuúodkvf t*Fvdyfpm jy|mef;pmtkyfawGudk oifay;w,f/ t*Fvdyfpm rvdkufEdkifwJh e,fausmif;om;awG wdk;raygufatmif pmvdkufMuw,f/ w.u.o cef;rBuD;awmif rqefYbl;/

pmoifyHkuvJ &Sif;vif;jywfom; wdusw,f/ ola&;ay;wJh tar;tajzawGuvJ aumif;w,f/ ausmif;om;b0 uwJu q&mOD;omEdk;´vdkY [dk;[dk;ausmfaeNyD/

ausmif;om;ta&;awGudk wzufu &J&J0Hh0Hhxrf;aqmifw,f/ wzufu vlxkowif;pmrSmvJ tcsdefydkif; t,f'Dwm vkyfw,f/ armifod*FgtrnfeJY 0w¬Kwdkuav; uAsmuav;a&;w,f/ armfpDwkef;&JU y#dyu©usrf; ponfwdkYudkvJ bmomjyefw,f/

1957 ckESpfu ußGefawmfeJY armifodef;Edkif (*kPfxl; ) wdkY armifomEdk;udk udk,fwdkifrdwfqufzdkYoGm;Muw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u udkomEdk;u arNrdKUudkpdefarmif (yef;csD) eJY a&Tjynfat;aqmifrSm aewmudk;/

ußGefawmfwdkY olYtcef;xJ0ifoGm;awmh pmul;pufwvHk;eJY olu `Fighting Peacock qdkwJh t*Fvdyfvdk eH&Huyfpmapmif a&;aewkef;/

udkodef;Edkifu ußGefawmfhudk,fpm; rdwfqufay;w,f/ vlxk*sme,frSm uefNrJeef;jrifhEG,f´qdkwJh emrnfeJY uAsm a&;olygvdkY ajymawmh `tJ … cifAsmhuAsmawGudk vlxkt,f'Dwm udkol& (&Srf;jynf) u odyfBudKufwmayghAsm/ ußGefawmfuawmh uavmifemrnfjrifwmeJY rzwfcsifawmhbl;As´vdkY yGifhyGifhvif;vif; 'Jh'dk;ajymcsvdkufygw,f/ 'Dvdkenf;eJY cifrif&if;ESD;oGm;Muwmayghav/

olu &Jabmfaumif; acgif;aqmifaumif;jzpfoavmuf q&maumif;vJjzpf wynfhaumif;vJ jzpfygw,f/

1967 tif;pdefaxmifu aemufqHk;vGwfNyD; &efukefwuúodkvf jrefrmpm r[m0dZÆmwef; wufygw,f/ usLwdk&D,,f oifwef;awGutp wcsdefrS tvGwfrcH? rSefrSefausmif;wuf? rSefrSefavhusifhcef;awG vkyfygw,f/ twef;cef;xJrSm q&m q&mru pmar;&if uav;i,fwa,mufvdk vufn§dK;;axmifNyD; pmajzygw,f/ rmefrme vHk;0r&Sdygbl;/ q&m q&mrawGu udkomEdk;taMumif; Mum;zl;NyD;om;rdkY oltwef;xJ&Sdae&if pmaumif;aumif; roif&Jygbl;/ aemufawmh olY&JU ajcokwfykqdk; a`rGpG,fusKd; rmefcsKd;ESdrfrIaMumifh XmewckvHk;u cspfcifav;pm;cH&wJh ausmif;om;aumif;vdkY emrnfarT;ygw,f/

wynfhaumif; jzpfcJhvdkYvJ q&maumif;jzpfaywmyJ´vdkY ußGefawmfwdkYu rSwfcsufcsrdMuw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm EdkifiHjcm; bmomoifausmif;rSmvJ ½k&Sm;bmom wufaeao;w,f/ pnf;urf;&SdwJh uav;i,fwa,mufvdk pepfwus usKd;usKd;EGHEGHoif,lavawmh twef;rSm yxr&wm rqef;ygbl;/

OD;omEdk;[m NzD;wm jzef;wm zm;wmudk tvGefrkef;ygw,f/ tay:,HMunfh&if ynmrmeeJY iguGvdkY vufraxmif wwfolvdkY xifzG,f&Sdygw,f/ wu,fwwfußGrf;NyD; ½dk;om;wJhynm&SifawGudk tvGef½dkaoygw,f/ wynfhcHygw,f/
ckawmh pma&;jcif;? t*Fvdyfpmoifjcif;eJY emrnfvJBuD; csrf;vJcsrf;omaeygNyD/ om"k om"k / /

[euro]

Hi KLM,
Thank you for your post. I am really glad that I can read that article.
Honestly I owe to Saya U Tha Noe for my success in study. Eventhough he is not my first English teacher, I am so sure that he is the first teacher who taught me how to learn English.
From this forum I show my respect to Saya U Tha Noe.

[KLM]

b0½kyfyHkvTm (6)
OD;BuD;zmeDA,f
wifrkd;

ajrtkwfwdkYNydKav&m ausmuftkwfwdkYjzifh wnfaqmuftHh´qdkwJh a~uG;aMumfoHaqmifyk'fwckudk Mum;zl;Mur,fvdkY xifygw,f/

tJ'Da~uG;aMumfoH[m t"dyÜm,fvJ½Sd? tm;rmefvJygwJhtwGuf Mum;&olwdkif; rsdK;cspfpdwf Edk;Mum; xufoefvmrSm rvGJygbl;/ ya'o&mZfacwfu wnfaqmufvmcJhMuwJh jrefrmpmay? jrefrmh ,Ofaus;rIeJY jrefrmhvlrItaqmufttHk BuD;[m e,fcsJUpepf&JUya,m*aMumifh NydKusysufpD;oGm;cJh&NyD/ 'DaeYacwfopftcgrSm ydkrdkcdkifrmwJh ausmuftkwfawGeJY wnfaqmufMur,fqdkwJh t"d|mef pum;ygyJ/

tJ'Dvdk jrefrmwdkY&JUtm;rmefudk vIyfEdI;vdkufwJh a~uG;aMumfoHpmwrf;udk 1928 w0dkufrSm xkwfa0cJhwJh *E¦avmu r*¾Zif;uyJ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; wnfaxmifoleJU `ocif´ b0tpysdK;ol ocifbaomif;? yef;waemfq&moefYvdkY trsm;uac:MuwJh ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rª;csKyfa[mif; OD;oefY? odyÜHarmif0? aZmf*sD? rif;ok0Pf pwJh acwfprf; pmayynm&SifBuD;rsm;udk arG;xkwfcJhygw,f/ ynma&;? tawG;tac: eJY pmay pwJh acwfopfynmawGudk tkwfjrpfcs ysdK;axmifay;cJhygw,f/ tJ'Da~uG;aMumfoHudk xdyfqHk;wif a~uG;aMumfcJhol acwfopf,Ofaus;rI&JU O,smOfrª;uawmh a'gufwmzmeDA,fvf (J.S Furnival) qdkwJh yk*¾dKvfBuD;wOD;ygyJ/ olYtaMumif;udk jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;u 'DvdkrSwfwrf; wifcJhygw,f/

`jrefrmtrsdK;om;wdkYtay: jrefrmrsdK;cspfppfppfwOD;uJhodkY oefY&Sif;pifMu,fonfh apwemarwåmjzifh wu,fcspfcif aom vlrsdK;jcm;wOD;um; a'gufwm*ßGef? qpf'if[rf? zmeDA,f jzpfayonf´ wJh/

a'gufwmzmeDA,f[m t*FvefEdkifiH tufyqrfNrdKU? ½dGKif&,fr,f'DumAJeDAdkvifh aq;aumvdyfrSm aq;ynmqnf;yl; cJhw,f/ aq;ynmxuf pmayynmudk ydkrdkxufoefvdkU udef;b&pfwuúodkvfBuD;udk ajymif;cJhw,f/ x&DeDwD aumvdyfu bGJU&w,f/ tdE´d, y#dnmOfcH0efxrf; (I.C.S) tjzpf tkyfcsKyfa&; wm0ef xrf;aqmifzdkY jrefrmEdkifiH a&mufvmw,f/ aMu;wdkifrif;BuD;tjzpfeJY &cdkifjynfe,fuvGJvdkY jrefrmEdkifiHtESHY trIxrf;cJhw,f/ jrefrmpmay? jrefrm*Dw? jrefrmhb0? jrefrmhordkif;? jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;eJY jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIudk txl;okawoevkyfcJhwJh yk*¾dKvfvJ jzpfygw,f/

tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;tjzpf vkyfouf 20 ausmftrIxrf;NyD;wJhaemuf 0efxrf;b0u EkwfxGufNyD; 1924 ESpf rSm jrefrmjynfpmtkyfqdkif (Burma Book Club) udk zGifhcJhygowJh/

`acwfrDynma&;&SdrSom pD;yGm;a&;eif;jym;b0rS uif;vGwfEdkifrnfudkodojzifh a'gufwmzmeDA,fonf xdkpOfu jynfxJa&;0efBuD; OD;aratmifESifhtwl 1910 jynfhESpfcefYu jrefrmEdkifiH okawoetoif;udk wnfaxmifcJhonf´vdkY jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;rSm qufvuf rSwfwrf;wifcJhygw,f/

1928 ckESpfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH ynmjyefYyGm;a&;toif;udk xlaxmifcJhygw,f/ The World of Books ac: *E¦avmur*¾Zif; udkvJ xkwfa0cJhygw,f/ jrefrmvli,fawG pmzwfrsm;NyD; EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; tjrifus,fapvdkwJh apwemeJY xkwfa0cJhwJh acwfopfysdK;cif; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D *E¦avmur*¾Zif;u bmomjyefNydKifyGJrSm `pavtnmu yavG q&m´udk yef;waemfOD;oefYu bmomjyefNyD; qk&cJhygw,f/ ocifbaomif;uawmh bmomjyefNydKifyGJwdkif; olcsnf; qk&aevdkY 5 cgavmufqk&NyD;wJhtcg *E¦avmut,f'Dwmtjzpf ac:,lcefYxm;cJh&ygowJh/ *E¦avmu&JU ordkif; udkawmh t,f'DwmwOD; jzpfcJhwJh yef;waemfOD;cefYu ½Ir0r*¾Zif;rSm `a½Tpm*E¦ wavmu´qdkNyD; tus,fw0ifh rSwfwrf;wifcJh zl;ygw,f/ q&mwufwdk;vJ *E¦avmu t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif½GufcJhzl;aMumif; od&ygw,f/ odyÜHarmif0uawmh *E¦avmutwGufqdk&if txl;oHa,mZOf BuD;rm;pGmeJY pmrsm; tqufrjywf a&;ydkYcJh? tMuHay;cJh? vHIYaqmfcJhw,fvdkY od&ygw,f/

q&mBuD;zmeDA,f[m 1930 - 40 twGif; a[mfvefEdkifiHeJY *sm;Am;ußGef;wdkYrSm pD;yGm;a&; enf;pepfrsm; taMumif; avhvmcJhw,f/ 1936 - 42 twGif; udef;b&pfwuúodkvfBuD;rSm jrefrmpmuxdutjzpf aqmif½Guf&if; jrefrm pmay&JU tESpfom&udk urÇmodatmif azmfxkwfcJhygw,fwJh/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u zdwfac:vdkY jrefrmEdkifiH pDrHudef;t&m&Sdtjzpf jyefvnfa&mufvmNyD; vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; q,fESpf (1948 - 5 txd jrefrmEdkifiH tBuHay;yg&*ltjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif cJhw,f/ jrefrmtpdk;&u `owdk;oD&dok"r®m´ bGJYeJY &efukefwuúodkvfu pmayyg&*lbGJU (D. Litt) tyfESif;cJhygw,f/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek&JU awmif;yefrIaMumifh 1862 - 1941 acwfopfjrefrmEdkifiH&JU vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIppfwrf;usrf;udk a&;om;jyKpkcJhw,f/

ZeD;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHu &Srf;trsdK;orD;jzpfNyD; orD; 2 OD; xGef;um;cJhygw,f/ olYudk `tefu,f´vdkYac:&if b0ifrus? `OD;BuD;´vdkY jrefrmvdkac:rS BudKufowJh/ `wudk,faumif;pdwf vHk;0uif;onff/ ynmrme? vlrsdK;rme? &mxl;*kPfodef rme r½Sdacs´vdkY pG,fpHkusrf;u *kPfjyKrSwfwrf;wifygw,f/

1960 ck? Zlvdkifv 9 &ufaeYrSm OD;BuD;zmeDA,f vef'efrSm uG,fvGefcJhygw,f/

þa&GUþrsS jrefrmhaus;Zl;udk txl;aqmif½GufcJhwJh OD;BuD;zmeDA,fudk jrefrmhpmqdkBuD; rif;ok0Pfu ODBuD;zmeDA,f uG,fvGefwJhtcg `yk*HNrdKU o&ygwHcg;odkY´qdkwJhuAsmeJY *kPfjyKzGJYqdkcJhygw,f/

jrm;ESifh vTm;ESifh? vSH"m;0ifhí
rif;rifh OD;aqmif;? &eftaygif;udk
ESifarmif;&mum; oifwHcg;wnfh/

usdKif;ESifh odkif;ESifh? a½TxD;zGifhí
rif;rifhacgifxGwf? pnf;cHkjrwfodkU
xGufvwf&mum; oifwHcg;wnfh/

xD;okOf; eef;okOf;
NrdKUokOf; okn? okOf;oHk;0ESifh
MuHK&onfhjyif? oifhudk,fyifvsuf
r½Tif*kPfñId;? txGwfusdK;í
rkqdk;rES,f? rsufESmi,fvnf;
rzG,fvlY½Gm? jzpfjcif;&mudk
&JpGmqdkifvsuf? wnfNidrfoufaomf
wufonfrdk;rsS? ighrmevnf;
avsSmusajrqD? vuftkyfcsDonf
cEÅD0ifpm;? ½SifwHcg;wnfh/ /

(owdk;oD&d ok"r® a*s? tufpf? zmeDA,ftm; &nfnTef;onf)
aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif; Mo*kwf? 1960/
jrefrmpmayvrf;opfudk cif;ay;cJhwJh q&mBuD;&JU *kPfaus;Zl;udk ußGefawmfwdkY jynfolrsm;uvJ b,ftcgrS arhEdkifvdrfhr,f r[kwfyg/ /

http://www.irrawaddy.org/bur/bawa2006/November/nov_24_2006.html

[KLM]

wuúodkvfbkef;Edkif
wifrkd;

0w¬Kwyk'fxJu 'Dpum;ajymcef;uav;udk em;qifMunfhapvdkygw,f/

&Sif … b,fvdkvlpm;vJ
tJ'gudk udk,fhudk,fudk jyefar;aeygw,fav;
bk&m;a& … &Sifhudk,f&Sif rodbl;
udk,fhudk,fudk rodwJhvlwa,muf[m 'DavmuBuD;xJrSm b,fvdkvkyfaerSmvJ´
rSefygw,f … 'ghaMumifhvJ 'DvlYavmuBuD;xJuyJ ußGefawmfxGufajy;ae&ygw,f
&SifvJ vlawGudk pdwfemaeolwa,mufeJY wlw,f [kwfvm;&Sif
tckawmh pdwfremEdkifol wa,mufudk awGYae&NyD xifygw,fav;

'Dpum;ajymcef;uav;udk Mum;½HkeJY ußGefawmfwdkY jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfu 'g wuúodkvfbkef;EdkifyJvdkY csufcsif;ajymEdkifr,fxifygw,f/

nDrav;&,f pdk;&drfrdw,f? rkef;&pfavOD;? oli,fcsif;vdkYyJ qufíac:r,fcdkif? wjynfolra&Txm;? aEGuEåmOD;? rdk;n tdyfrufjrLeJY olYußGefrcHNyD pwJh 0w¬KBuD;awG[m emrnfausmf pma&;q&mBuD; wuúodkvfbkef;Edkif&JU vuf&mawGyg/ y&dowftoJpGJcJhMuwJh 0w¬KBuD;rsm;jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D pmayvuf&mwdkY&JU zcif wuúodkvfbkef;Edkif[m 2002 ckESpf arv 11 &ufaeYu oHvsifNrdKU "r®a&mifjcnfvrf; aetdrfrSm uG,fvGefoGm;cJhygw,f/ pmzwfy&dowfrsm; 0rf;enf; aMuuGJrI? ESarmworIawG cHpm;cJhMu&ygw,f/

ußGefawmf[m q&mbkef;Edkif&JU pdwfynmwynfh ausmif;om;r[kwfygbl;/ 'gayr,fh q&mu ußGefawmfhudk cifygw,f/ ußGefawmfuvJ q&meJY &Hzef&HcgqHkrdwJhtcg q&mh&JU pmaytjrif? pmayMo0g'awGukd av;av;pm;pm; em;axmifcJhygw,f/ pmay0goemxHkwJh ausmif;om;awGudk q&mcspfcif[efwlygw,f/

1958 rEÅav;wuúodkvf yifrtaqmufttHkawmifbuf eH&Huyfpmapmifrsm;udk rSefabmifeJY csdefqGJxm;&mae&mrSm q&mbkef;EdkifeJY pwifawGYqHkcJhygw,f/

tJ'Dwkef;u a&pBudKNrdKUe,ftoif;u `oEÅm´pm,OfqdkNyD; jrefrm t*Fvdyf ESpfbmomeJY eH&Huyf pmapmif xkwfa0 ygw,f/ tJ'Dpmapmifudk ußGefawmfuOD;pD;NyD; uAsmawGudk OD;omEdk;u t*Fvdyfvdk jyefay;ygw,f/ a&Tbdkom; H.vGif qdkwJh yef;csDq&mu yef;csDa&;qGJ rGrf;rHay;ygw,f/ tJ'D `oEÅm´ pm,OfrSefabmifa&SUrSm q&mu `cspfoltawG;´ qdkwJh ußGefawmhfuAsmudk csD;usL;ygw,f/ ußGefawmf uvJ usKd;usKd;&GHU&GHUeJY q&mhcsD;usL;rIudk &Suf&GHUtm;emwJh trlt&meJY vufcH em;axmif cJhw,fvdkY rSwfrdaeygw,f/

rEÅav;wuúodkvf A[dkaqmiftv,fxyf taemufzufjcrf;rSm jrefrmpmXme&,f? jrefrmrIjywdkuf&,f? pdwfynm Xme&,f&Sdygw,f/ pBuFefvrf;ab;rSmawmh eH&Huyfpmapmifrsm; trsm;tjym; csdwfqGJ xm;Mu wm awGYEdkifygw,f/

q&mbkef;Edkifu pdwfynmXmerª;yg/ olYXme&JUpBuFefrSm csdwfqGJxm;wJh eH&HuyfpmapmifawGudk tNrJzwfMunfhyHk&w,f/ q&mxJu ausmif;om;awG&JUvuf&mudk &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; tuJcwfapmifhMunfhwJh q&mwOD;yg/ ußGefawmfhuAsmudk ½Ir0ydkYzdkY wdkufwGef;ygw,f/ uAsma&;wmudkvJ tm;ay;w,f/ waeYaeYrSm &S,fvDwdkYvdk xdyfwef;a&mufatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfygvdkYvJ wdkufwGef;ygao;w,f/

1959 ckESpfrSm zefrD;tdrfuAsmpmtkyfxkwfawmh ußGefawmfu rSwfcsufa&;cdkif;vdkY q&mu a&;ay;ygw,f/ pmtkyf xGufawmh ußGefawmfu pmtkyfvufaqmifay;wmudkr,lbJ oludk,fwdkifutp pdwfynmXme q&m? q&mrtm;vHk; 0,f&r,fqdkNyD; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om tm;ay;cJhygw,f/ aMomf … ausmif;om;awG&JU pmayvkyfief;awGudk vdIufvdIuf vSJvSJ tm;ay;azmf&wJh q&mygvm;vdkY aus;Zl;wifvdkY rqHk;ygbl;/ pdwfxJrSm trSwfxifxif ylaEG;cJh&ygw,f/

0goemygvGef;vdkY qif;qif;&J&J csKdUcsKdUiJhiJheJY uAsmpmtkyfuav;wtkyf rjzpfjzpfatmif xkwfa0vdkuf &wJh ausmif;om;pmay 0goemtdk;wdkY&JU'ku©udk odjrifpmemNyD; txifvJrao; ,Of,Ofaus;aus;eJY pifwifay;csifwJh q&mhapwemudk ußGefawmftodtrSwfrjyKbJ raeEdkifygbl;/ O,smOfrª;pdwf"mwf tjynfht0&SdwJh q&mygvm;vdkY MunfEl;cJh&ygw,f/ aemufawmh q&meJY wcg ESpfcg qHkjzpfw,f/ &wemyHkausmif;aqmifteD;u q&mhtdrfudk wacgufa&mufzl;w,f/ pmaypum; Mum;emcJh&zl;w,f/ pmaya[majymyGJrSm em;axmifcJh&zl;w,f/

nDrav;&,f pdk;&drfrdw,f´emrnfBuD;vmw,f/ tJ'D 0w¬KrSm ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIudk q&mu oa&mfw,f/ qefYusifw,f/ ußGefawmfwdkYu wyfOD;ausmif;om;awGqdkawmh q&mhtmabmfudk BudKufvJrBudKuf? vufvJrcH Edkifygbl;/

w.u.o a&G;aumufyGJrSm ußGefawmfwdkY&JabmfwOD;u `nDrav;&,f tar&duoGm;csifw,f? a&;ol wuúodkvf zHk;rEdkif´vdkY 0w¬Kwyk'fa&;om;NyD; eH&Huyfpmapmifxkwfygw,f/

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q&meJYawGYwJhtcgrSmvJ q&m[m pdwfqdk;[efr&Sd? &D&Darmarm NyHK;NyHK;&Tif&Tif? tcifrifrysuf? tac:tajymrysuf? ajymp&m&SdwmudkvJ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; &if;&if;ESD;ESD;ajymygw,f/ pdwfoabmxm; &ifhusufwJhq&m/ wuúodkvfynm wwfb0udk wu,fyDyDooem;vnfwJh q&maumif; q&mrGefyg/

&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkrSm q&m[m wHwm;eDta&;tcif;rSm vma&mufNyD; uAsmzwfw,f/ usqHk;wJh ausmif;om; awGudk *kPfjyKwJh av;csKd;BuD;a&;NyD; udk,fwdkif&Gwfqdkw,f/ ppftpdk;&u q&mhudk ynma&;wuúodkvfygarmu©csKyf b0u z,f&Sm;vdkufw,f/ q&mhudk ußGefawmfu rsKd;cspfynm&SifvdkY uAsma&;NyD; *kPfjyKw,f/ tJ'DuAsmudk OD;omEdk;u t*FvdyfvdkjyefNyD; q&mhudk vufaqmifay;cJh ygw,f/ q&m[m &mxl;uz,f&Sm;wmudkcH&JwJh owåd&Sdw,f/ bmhaMumifhvJqdkawmh rsufpdatmufrSmawGYjrifae&wJh rw&m;rI? &ufpufrIawGudk Munfhrae&ufEdkifavmufatmif ausmif;om;awGtay:rSm u½kPmrdk;awG NzdK;apGoGef;avmif;cJhwmudk;/

jrifhjrwfwJh q&mpdwf? jrifhjrwfwJhpma&;q&mpdwf? vGyfvyfrI w&m;rSswrIudk cspfjrwfEdk;pdwfwdkY ,dkzdwfvSsHusvmwJh tcg rdrdudk,fa&;udk,fwm tusKd;pD;yGm;udkpGefYNyD; tEÅh&m,fudk &J&J0Hh0Hh &ifqdkifvdkufygw,f/

ußGefawmfwdkY[m q&m&JU &J&ifhjrifhjrwfwJh tJ'Dtrlt&mudk urÇmukefus,foa&GU b,farhvdrfhvJvdkY cHpm;usL;&ifh rdMuygw,f/
q&m aumif;&mok*wdvm;ygap / /

Src: http://www.irrawaddy.org/bur/bawa200...n_12_2007.html

[botchan]

b0½kyfyHkvTm (6)
OD;BuD;zmeDA,f
wifrkd;

ajrtkwfwdkYNydKav&m ausmuftkwfwdkYjzifh wnfaqmuftHh´qdkwJh a~uG;aMumfoHaqmifyk'fwckudk Mum;zl;Mur,fvdkY xifygw,f/
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'DOD;MuD;zmeDA,fukd*kPfjyKcJhwJh 'DuAsmukduRefawmf awmfawmfapmapmuyJodcJhwmyg/
'gayr,fh tJ'DuAsm&JU qkdvkd&if;[m 'gqkdwm tckrSodw,fAsdKU?
aomufusdK;eJawGu 'DMum;xJ MuHKovkd,loHk;MuwmawGyJ uRefawmfwkdUzwfae&wmudk;As/
aus;Zl;wifpGmjzifh
abmhusef

[KLM]

b0½kyfyHkvTm (9)
jrefrmpmayO,smOfrª; q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwif
wifrkd;

q&mBuD; OD;azarmif&JU pmayaus;Zl;udk wifjyyg&ap …

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udkvdkeDacwfqdk;tcgqdk;rSm rkqdk;rES,f rsufESmi,fcJh&wJh trsKd;om;pmayudk tnGefYwvlvljzpfatmif a&avmif; aygif;oifay;cJhwJh q&mBuD;jzpfygw,f/ rsKd;cspfpmayynm&SifBuD;vdkY urÁnf;wifcH&wJh q&mBuD;yg/

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q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwifudk tif;pdefNrdKU aygufawmt&yfrSm tz OD;az? trd a':NrdKifwdkYu 1888 ck? {NyDv 24 &ufaeYrSm arG;zGm;cJhygw,f/ t*Fvdyf - jrefrm tbd"mefusrf;jyK pmawmfjyef0efaxmuf OD;xGef;Nidrf;[m tazhbufu OD;av;jzpfNyD; awmifcGifomoemydkif q&mawmf &Sif0dok'¨oDvmpm&[m rdcifbufutbdk; jzpfygw,f/

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q&mBuD;[m jrefrmEdkifiH okawoetoif; OuúX? jrefrmEdkifiHbmomjyef okcrdeftzGJY OuúX? jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; pDpOfa&;tzGJY OuúX? ordkif;aumfr&Sif OuúX pojzifh ynmydkif;qdkif&m BuD;av;wJhwm0efawGudk rnnf;rnL
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygw,f/

jrefrmpmayordkif;? bmomavmu? jrefrmo'´g pojzifh jrefrmpmayeJY bmomaA'usrf;rsm;udkvJ wpdkufrwfrwf jyKpkcJhwJhtjyif Ak'¨usrf;pmrsm;udkvJ ruG,fvGefrD&ufydkif;txd t*Fvdyfvdkjyefqdkjcif;? a[majymjcif;wdkYudk tem;r&yf tqufrjywfvkyfaqmifcJhwm awGY&ygw,f/

q&mBuD;vdk rsKd;cspfjynfcspf ynm&SifBuD;wyg; aygufzGm;cJhwm[m jrefrmEdkifiH&JU BuD;rm;wJh *kPfoa&wyg;yg/

`jrefrmpmay[m aus;Zl;odwwfjcif;u pcJhw,f´vdkY q&mBuD;u udk,fwdkifrdefYqdkcJhovdk ußGefawmfwdkYwawG[m q&mBuD;&JUaus;Zl;*kPfudk watmufarharh wajrUajrUjzpf&ygw,f/

urÇmudk jrefrmodzdkYxuf jrefrmudk jrefrmodzdkYu ta&;BuD;w,fvdkY q&mBuD;u rdefYrSmcJhygw,f? wdkif;&if;om; jynfolawG&JUb0? ,Ofaus;rI? "avhxHk;pH? pmay pwJh awmifay:,Ofaus;rIudkvJ tav;ay; avhvmMuzdkY q&mBuD; rdefYMum;cJhwm tvGeftzdk;wefvSygw,f/
q&mBuD;[m ußGefawmfwdkYEdkifiH&JU rD;½ª;wefaqmifBuD;yg/ q&mBuD;&JU aus;Zl;*kPfudk txl;tm½HkjyKNyD; jrefrmvlxk&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rem;rae &GufaqmifEdkifMuygapvdkY qkawmif;vdkufygw,f/ /

http://www.irrawaddy.org/bur/bawa200...n_19_2007.html

[KLM]

b0½kyfyHkvTm (5)
ref;wuúodkvf pmay½kyfyHkvTm
wifrkd;

rEÅav;wuúodkvf pmayvIyf&Sm;rItaMumif;udk trSwfw& ½kyfyHkvTm o yg&ap/

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jrefrmEdkifiHom;awG tzdkYawmh udk,fhxD;udk,fheef; udk,fhMuiSef;eJU wcrf;wem;aecJh&wJh b0rdkU “rEÅav;” vdkU toHMum;½HkrSseJU ocifb0udkowd&NyD; rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf Edk;~uGvmwm txift&Sm; jzpfygw,f/

vufawGYrsufjriftm;jzifhvJ eef;awmfeJY usHK;eJY ypöif jytdk; NrdKU½dk;BuD;eJYjrifae&wkef;qdkawmh a½Ty[dk&fpnfawmf ½Grf;oHMum;NyD; vGrf;pdwfyGm;avh &Sdygw,f/

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jcL;oef;eJUbHkysH?ewf0dokuHzefovdkyif
tHhzG,fbeef;?a½Tawmifeef;opfvGif
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NyD;awmh urÇmt&SnfwnfrJh rEÅav;awmifawmfBuD;uvJ [def;[def;rm;rm;/ “toufuav; &,fwJh&Snfapvdk? jreE´ma&ndKoef;w,f ref;awmif&dyfcdk” qdkwJh aw;wabmifuvJ jrefrmEdkifiHom; awGESvHk;udk odrf;usHK;vIHUaqmf aeavawmh “rEÅav;” qdkwJhtoH[m em;0ifyD,H csdKaw;oHwyk'f jzpfae&awmhwmaygh/

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ta&SUvm;aomf ...
wmem;½Gmi,f?atmifyifv,fwnfh/
taemufvm;aomf
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a½Tref;,cifa&S; - wJh/

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ausmif;olausmif;om;awGzufudk iJhapmif;vdkU Munfhvdkufawmh olwkdUwawGuvJ “acol r[kwf” qdkwJh tausmfa';,sawG yguvm;/ atmifoSsef qdkwJh ausmif;om; jrif;rl tvôuyÜom;/ tm* uavmif vuf&majymif olygwum;/ OD;ykn vufopfuav;vdkUawmif emrnfowif; arT;av&JU/ atmifoSsef? udk;jrifh? wuúodkvf armifxGef;a0 pwJh pmayobifawGpnfa0aeowJh/

aemiftcg jrefrmpmXme usLwmaygufpb0rSm jrefrmhvrf;pOfowif;pmuaeNyD; a½Tem;awmfoGif; a&;om;rIeJU [dk;[dk;ausmfcJh&wJh pmqdkausmf atmifoSsef wuúodkvfEdkifiHu xGufcGmNyD; “jrwf&wem” r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm pm&if; ayguf &J&JawmufjzpfcJh&owJh/ ola&;wJh pmyef;&*Hk eJU pmayw&m;cGif pmtkyfawGu olUvuf&moufaoawGyg/

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rEÅav; wuúodkvfq&mrsm;avmurSmwkef;u wyfOD;eJU 'DtufpftdkqdkwJh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI *,uf ½dkufcwf cJhygowJh/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh q&mavmurSm tpdk;& (txl;ojzifh qdk&S,fvpf OD;ausmfNidrf; ysdK;axmifxm;wJh 'Dtufpftdk tzGJUtpnf;&JU MoZmanmif;ae[ef &SdygowJh/ ausmif;om;xk twGif;rSmawmh wyfOD;rSwyfOD; qdkwJh tcgr[kwfvm;/ w-u-o a½G;aumufyGJ awGrSmqdk&if 'Dtufpftdkqdkwm cGufcGufvefatmif½IH;vdkU ausmif;om;xku a½G;aumufyGJnawGrSm qdk&if “'DtufpftdkawG ½IH;ukefNyD? rmrDEGJYa& u,fvSnfhygtHk;” vdkY avSmifajymifoHcsyfxdk;NyD; tdk;pnf AHkarmif;awGeJU wuúodkvf0if;BuD;xJrSm nvHk;aygufvSnfhNyD; uckefaysmfjrL;MuwJhumv r[kwfvm;/

atmf ... rmrDEGJUudk,fwdkif BudK;udkifaxmufyHhxm;wJh ausmif;om;tzGJUu 'Dtufpftdkudk;/ etz&JUtwGif;a&;rª; (1) a[mif;? AdkvfcsKyfcifnGefY wdkYawmif ausmif;om;b0u 'Dtufpftdk ausmif;om; qdk xifyg&JU/ c&rf;udkwifarmif0if;? oHk;cG&efBuD;atmif (ac: udkpdef0if; wkdYu wyfOD;ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifawG wJh/ oHk;cGc&rf;? ausmufwef;oefvsif bufu ausmif;aezufoli,fcsif;awGvdkU qdkwmyJ/ twdtusawmh rodygbl;/ 'gayrJh AdkvfcifnGefY wdkYvufxufrSmyJ wuowyfOD; acgif;aqmifawG jzpfwJh udkwifarmif0if;wdkU? &efBuD;atmifwdkU axmifxJrSm qHk;cJhMu&wm? tck xufxd a'gufwmoef;Nidrf;wdkY axmifoGif;tusOf;cs cHxm;wmudkawmh tm;vHk;odMuNyD;om;yg/

ausmif;om;avmurSm rsufESmrvSwJh 'DtufpftdkawG[m q&mavmuxJodkY MoZmtmPmudk toHk;jyKNyD; xdk;azmuf arTaESmufzdkY BudK;pm;vmygw,f/ olwdkUajcvSrf;udk cefYrSef;rdwJh q&matmifoSsefu a½Tem;awmfoGif; {csif;a&;NyD; ausmif;tkyfBuD; 0PÖausmfxif OD;udkav;udk wdkifwnfzGifhcsygw,f/ “ txifu&ay:vGifwJh 0PÖausmfxifq&m cifAsm; ...” vdkY tpcsDNyD; OD;yknavoHeJY tjzpfoepfudk vSefygw,f/ tqdkyg ajc½IyfaewJh q&mwcsdKUudkvJ “pwdkifxkwf tJ,m;awGudk tdkif'kefYuJ,m;” ygwJh/

tJ'Da½Tem;awmfoGif; xGufNyD;aemuf rEÅav;wuúodkvf q&mavmu vIyfvIyf½G½G jzpfvmygw,f/ ausmif;tkyfBuD; OD;udkav;udk q&matmifoSsefu wdkufcdkufNyD vdkY owif;vTifhMuygw,f/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;uvJ olapwemeJY jyKpk ysdK;axmifcJhwJh wynfhu olYudk pmeJYayeJU wdkufcdkufavjcif;? &SufvSacs&JUvdkYqdkum ausmif;tkyfBuD;tjzpfu EkwfxGufygw,f/

tJ'DtjzpfawG [dk;av;wausmf owif;pmawGrSmygvmawmh rEÅav;wuúodkvfq&mtm;vHk;uvJ wausmif;vHk; ausmif;rwufbJ qE´jyygw,f/ q&matmifoSsefu OD;udkav;udk r½dkraoa&;jcif; r[kwfaomfvJ q&mBuD; pdwfxdcdkufonfhtwGuf awmif;yefaMumif;? oluvJ jrefrmpmXme enf;jytjzpfrS EkwfxGufygaMumif; wdkif;jynfudk aMunmvdkufygw,f/ wuúodkvf[m 2 &ufcGJMumrSs ydwfNyD; oydwfvSefcJhygw,f/

q&matmifoSsef&JUuavmif[m tvGefxif&Sm;ausmfMum;oGm;cJhygw,f/ 'gaMumifh Armhacwf OD;tkef;cifu q&m atmifoSsefudk jrwf&wemr*¾Zif; t,f'DwmcefYjcif;? Armhacwfowif;pmwGif yifwdkifuavmiftjzpf a&;om;cGifh ay;jcif;jzifh olaumif;jyKcJhygw,f/

uGßefawmfwdkYacwf ref;wuúodkvfpmayavmurSmawmh wuúodkvfEG,fxGef;? wuúodkvf0if;? wuúodkvfarmifxGef;a0 wdkYtjyif armifaygufpnfeJY armifomEdk;? rHk½Gmudkwifa½T ponfh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG[m xif&Sm;wJh pmay orm;awGvJ[kwfygw,f/ aemuf – wuúodkvfarmifapmvGif? udkcifarmif (OoSsm) wkdYvJ ygao;w,f/ wuúodkvf armifapmvGifuawmh wuoOuú| tjzpfeJYvJ ausmif;om;xk&JU MunfndKrIcH,l&olwOD; jzpfygw,f/

rEÅav;wuúodkvf[m ,ciftcgu “jrefrmtoif;BuD;” u OD;aqmifNyD; pmayvIyf&Sm;rIawG vkyfcJhw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ uGßefawmfwdkYvufxufa&mufawmh jrefrmtoif;BuD;vJ jyefzGJYoH rMum;& awmhbl;/ 57-58 pmoifESpfawGupNyD; ref;wuúodkvfuavmif&Siftoif;u pcef;xvmwmudk awGY&ygw,f/

tJ'DESpfumvawGrSm &efukefwuúodkvfBuD;uvJ pmayvIyf&Sm;rIawG wufwuf~uG~uG vIyf&Sm;aewm owif;pm awGxJrSm zwf&ygw,f/ &efukefwuúodkvfuavmiftoif;BuD;u BuD;rª;NyD; w-u-o cef;rrSm &ufowåywf pmwrf;zwfyGJrsm;? usif;yvmwmawGU&ygw,f/ ygarmu©OD;armif? q&maZmf*sD? q&mrif;ok0Pf? &Srf;jynfOD;wif{eJU '*kefwm&mwdkY pmwrf;zwfyGJrsm;uvJ tm;&p&maumif; avmufatmif vIyf&Sm;vmMuygw,f/ NyD;awmh uavmif toif;Ouú| rif;,ka0 eJY armifvif;,kef(&Srf;jynf)? odef;oef;xGef;? oif;atmif? araZmf(&efukefwuúodkvf)? armifaqGwifh pwJh yk*¾dKvfrsm;&JU OD;pD;rIeJY ykvJyef; pmapmifvJxkwfa0vmygw,f/ ynm&SifBuD;awG&JU pmaypmwrf; rsm; uvJ aumif;rGefvS ygw,f/

'Dvdkpmaypdwf"mwf? pmayt&SdefawGwufvmwJh tcsdefrSm rEÅav;wuúodkvf uavmif&Siftoif; uvJ Edk;Edk;Mum;Mum; xx~uG~uG jyifqifvmygw,f/ Ouú| wuúodkvf0if;? twGif;a&;rª; armifodef;Edkif acgif;aqmifwJh uavmif&Siftoif;u pmayNydKifyGJawGusif;yw,f/ pmqdkawmfaeY pmayynm&SifBuD;rsm; a[majymyGJeJY uefawmh yGJawG usif;yw,f/ yifrtaqmufttHkBuD;&JU awmifbufjrufcif;jyifrSm q&mBuD;a½TjynfOD;bwif? ausmufpm0ef OD;jr? ppfudkif;OD;bdk;oif;? q&mBuD;jrrsdK;vGif? q&mBuD;a½TOa'gif;? vlxkOD;vSeJY q&mawmfa½Tudkif;om;wdkYudk uefawmhyGJeJU pmayMo0g'cH,lyGJrsm; usif;ycJhMuygw,f/ tvGefpnfum;wJh yGJobifrsm; jzpfygw,f/ rEÅav; pmqdkawmfaeYawGrSmawmh jrpfom;tausmhtrnfeJU '*kefrSma&;cJhwJh a&SUaeBuD;OD;ausmfaZmwkdUvJ ygcJhao;wm trSwf&rdygw,f/

wuúodkvf0if;uawmh rEÅav;pma&;q&mrsm;jzpfwJh q&mewfEG,f? q&marmifom&wdkUeJU tquftoG,f rjywf wJhjyif *kP0wD udkcifarmif? 'Gm&m0wDbkef;vl? pef;aomfwmudkoef;nGefY wdkYeJUvJ tNrJwyl;wGJwGJ vufwGJvsufyg/ rsdK;jrifhaqGvJ yg0ifw,f/

uGßefawmfwdkYtoif;u pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;udk tav;xm;vkyfaqmifr,fvdkU oEéd|mef csxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh wuúodkvf0if;u jrefrmZmwfobifordkif;a&;r,f? armifomEdk;u Zdk,meJY&ª&m ½k&S0w¬Kudk jrefrmvdkjyefr,f/ armifodef;Edkifu pmqdkausmfawG&JUtw¬KyÜwådudk okawoejyKr,f? wifrdk;u zefrD;tdrf? MunfatmifeJU armifpGrf;&nfu pdMw? armifaygufpnfu 'Gm&m0wDbkef;vleJU wGJNyD; vIdif;ykwfoH? armifrdk;olu toJi,fi,f uAsm½G,f½G,f? 0if;~uG,fu acgif;avmif;oH? bkwvifcspfav;u uacsonf? wuúodkvfarmifxGef;a0u b0uAsmrsm;? av;armifu aEGOD;acsmif;ESifh yef;avmif;avS pmtkyfawGxkwfMur,fvdkU pDrHudef;csvdkufw,f/
armifomEdk; OD;pD;NyD; Burmese Literature r*¾Zif;udk t*Fvdyfvdkxkwfa0r,fvdkUvJ pDpOfw,f/ yef;csDq&mawGuvJ tqifoifh/ arNrdKUpdefarmif? a½TbdkvGifeJU rEÅav;brif;wdkY &Sdw,f/ olwdkYu 0dkif;Mu0ef;Mur,fayghav/ BuD;BuD; us,fus,f crf;crf;em;em; BuHpnfpdwful;Muygw,f/ rEåav;wuúodkvf&JU a&TacwfygyJ/ vGrf;rdyg&JU/ /


Src: http://www.irrawaddy.org/bur/bawa200...v_10_2006.html

[Aung Aung Oo]

q&m wuodkvf bkef;Edkif&JY pmtkyfawG tukefvHk;udk usawmf rzwfbl;ygbl;? usawmf zwfrdoavmuf ol&JY 0wfxkpmtkyfawGrSm ausmif;om; ta&;tcif;? 1988 aemufydkif; ta&;tcif;awGudk ajymwm r[kwfyg/ OD;oefYwdkY ocif udk,fawmfrSdKif;wdkYrsdK;udk ajymwmyg? eYJ ywfoufjyD; wcef; ESpfcef;? wpfuGuf ESpfuGuf tjrJygw,f/ ol&JY Zmwfvdkuf wpfcgwpf&H Zmwf&HawG[mvnf; ausmif;om; ta&;tcif;awGrSm yg0ifcJhol 'kufca&mufcJholawG tjzpf zGJYxm;w,f/ 'gayrJh ol&JY yifrZmwfvrf;u ausm&dk;uawmh ausmif;om; vIyf&Sm;rI r[kwfjyefbl;/ wjcm;pD? ta0;MuD;? usawmf tjrifuawmh q&mu ausmif;om; ta&;tcif;awGudk vlawG rarhatmif odrfhodrfh arGarGav;eJY oG,f0dkufjyD; owday;aew,fvdk xifygw,f/

[mgmgthan]

0if;az (1936)


http://imageshack.us/a/img268/4825/winphay.jpg
yef;csDq&m? umwGef;q&m? pma&;q&m? 'g½dkufwm0if;az

1978 ckESpf Zlvdkifvxkwf rdk;a0r*¾Zif;wGif yg0ifcJhonfh &Gmav;wpf&Gmu yk*¾KdvfausmfwpfOD;\ tavmif;ESihfacgif;ukd wpfntwGif;ajymif;a&TU ausmufwdkif pdkufxlaMumif; 0w¬Kwkd “NrdKUa[mif;rS OD;cifarmifndKodkY (35) ESpf” trnf& 0w¬Kyg0ifaom 0if;az\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; pmtkyfvwfwavm xGufay:vmonfhtwGuf q&mOD;0if;az\ oD;jcm;[ef? xl;jcm;uGJjym;onfh tEkynm zefwD;rI oP²mefawGESifh q&m\ touf&Sif aexkdifjzwfoef;rIrsm;u trsm;Mum;wGif ajymprSwfjyKp&mrsm;tjzpf vIyf&Sm;vsuf&Sdaeygonf/

1936 ckESpfu rEåav;wGif arG;zGm;onfh q&mOD;0if;azonf jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI ynm&SifBuD; a&TjynfOD;bwif\ om;jzpfNyD; nDt&if;(OD; )wif0if;- uavmif emrnf“*vd”uvnf; xl;jcm;uGJ jym;onfh yef;csD'DZkdif; zefwD;ol jzpfygonf/ q&m OD;0if;az\ &ifaoG;rsm;u 0w¬Kwkda&;ol atmifausmfqef; (rEÅav; ) ESifh tqdkawmf rDrD0if;azwkdY jzpfMuonf/

1950 ausmf ESpfumvrsm;wGif rEÅav;wuúokdvfESifh &efukef wuúodkvf ausmif;om; jzpfcJhonf/ EdkifiHa&;wGif wdk;wufonfh tjrif&Sdaom ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rI ausmif;om; “wyfOD;”wGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;ol r[kwfaomfvnf; DSO(Democratic Student Organizaion) tzGJY0if wpfa,mufom jzpfcJhonf/ vli,fb0uae 'DuaeY touf 70 ausmf 80 eD;yg;xd 'Drdkua&pDorm;[k qdkEdkifygonf/

ol yef;csDpqJGcsdefwGif “zdk;ndK”[k vufrSwf a&;xdk;avh&SdNyD;? vlxkowif;pmwGif 1960 wpf0dkufu owif;pmumwGef;rsm; a&;qGJí emrnf&if;“0if;az” udk toHk;jyKcJhonf/ ol\ vlxkowif;pmü a&;qGJcJhaom umwGef;rsm; pkpnf;NyD; xkwfa0onfh pmtkyf“0if;azeJYvlxk”[mvnf; 'DuaeY ESpfaygif; 40 ausmf jzwfoef;cJhNyD;onfhwdkif rSDjirf;udk;um; ajymprSwfjyKp&m umwGef; tEkynmvuf&mrsm;tjzpf xif&Sm;aeqJ jzpfygonf/

q&mOD;0if;az touf 30 t&G,f 1966 ü rEÅav; tqdktuESifh yef;csDynmoifausmif; (yefwsmausmif; )wGif ausmif;tkyf jzpfvmNyD; 10 ESpfausmf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ q&monf yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;bouf? yef;csDq&mBuD; bPfOD;cifarmifwdkYxHü yef;csDESifhtEkynm t,ltq aumif;rsm; qnf;yl;cJhNyD; jrefrmyef;csD c&D;vrf;opfwpfck pwif&mwGif q&may:OD;oufESifhtwl a&;qJGcJhol jzpfygonf/ 1960 ausmf 70 uae ,aeYxd q&mOD;0if;az\ yef;csDvuf&mrsm;u qef;opfrIrsm; yg0ifaeqJjzpfNyD; q&may:OD;oufu oEÅ&o ydkuJonf[k cHpm;&ygonf/

1980 wpf0dkufESpfumvrsm;wGif q&mOD;0if;azu ½kyf&Sif½kduf? ½kyf&SifZmwfnTef;a&; pojzifh ½kyf&Sifavmuom; tjzpfaexdkifoGm;cJhygonf/ ol ESpfoufpGmzefwD;aom vlemrnf wpfcku “bcs,f”jzpfNyD;? AD'D,dkZmwfum;emrnfESifh Zmwfaumif\ emrnftjzpfyg toHk;jyKcJhaom “&efrsKd;vHkbcs,f” onf q&m\ vlUp½kdufzGJU ½kyf&SifjzpfcJhouJhodkY? q&ma&;onfh aemufydkif; 0w¬Kwkdrsm; wGifvnf; xdkemrnfudk Zmwfaumifemrnftjzpf rMumcPoHk;avh&Sdygonf/ 1988 ckESpf? arv-tPÖ0g r*¾Zif;xJwGif“arvv,f”qkdonfh xl;xl;jcm;jcm; 0w¬Kwdk wpfyk'fa&;NyD; pmayvuf&m trsm;tjym; zefwD;jzpf&mu ra[oD? ayzl;vTm? a&TtjrKaw? &ifckefyGifh? uvsm ponfh r*¾Zif; rsm;wGif 0w¬wdkrsm;a&;om;ol jzpfcJhygonf/

yef;csDwGif q&mOD;0if;az\ vuf&mrsm;u 'DuaeYxd qef;opfNyD; jrefrmyef;csD q&mwcsKdUtwGuf vrf;opfrsm; jrifatmif vrf;jyae½kHruaom ola&;chJaom 0w¬Kwdkrsm;uvnf; 1978 uae 1995 twGif; a&;om;jcif;om jzpfonf/ axh&m? aigh&m? oauFwjyK&m? oa&mfavSmifajymif&mü rsufarSmuf 0w¬Kwdkq&mrsm;udk a&SUu vrf;jyaeqJ[k qdk&avmufatmif 0w¬Krsm;u yDjyifaeonf[k qkd&ygrnf/

tmtufzfat a&'D,dk? bDbDpDESifh ADGtkdat a&'D,dkrsm;wGif “OD;aZmf0dwf”tjzpf y&dowfu pJGrufonf tcef;u@rsm; zefwD; toHvTifhcJhol q&mOD;0if;azonf tck 2012? arvukef ZGefvqef; wGif “0if;az\ 0w¬Kwkdrsm;”pmtkyfESifh y&dowfxH jyef0ifvmcJhonf/ ynm&Sifrsm; jynfawmfjyefMucsdefü jrefrmtEkynme,fxJudk q&m tNyD;jyefa&mufvmrnfvm; acwåcP tvnftywfyJ vmawmhrnf vm;? q&mwpfcgrQ rvkyfzl;ao;onfh wpfudk,fawmf yef;csDjyyGJtjzpf jyefYusJaeonfhh q&mh\ yef;csD vuf&mrSefrsm;udk wpfOD;wpfa,muf? tzJGUtpnf; wpfckcku wm0ef,l&SmazGpkpnf;NyD; wifquf cif;usif;jcif; tjzpfay:vmrnfvm;/

http://www.myanmarij.com/?p=2863 rS ul;,lazmfjyygonf/

[mgmgthan]

ajravQmuf0dZÆm umwGef;OD;[defpGef;(1902-1987)

http://imageshack.us/a/img407/2955/cartoonuhainsoon.jpg

'kwd, urÇm ppfBuD; rjzpfrD ppfBudKacwf jrefrmh pme,fZif; rsm;rSm umwGef;qdkwJh tcef; yg0ifatmif a&S;OD; vrf;azmufcJh&wm a&T½dk; buav; qdkwJh OD;buav;yg/

aemufawmh OD;b*srf;eJY OD;[defpGef;wdkY pme,fZif; avmurSm umwGef;rsm; a&;qGJNyD; xif&Sm; vmovdk? pme,fZif;rsm;rSmvnf; umwGef;qdkwJh tcef;[m &SifoefBuD;xGm; vmygw,f/ umwGef;a&;wJh q&mrsm;[m [mooufouf a&;wm r[kwfbl;/ udk,fjzwfoef;cJhwJh acwf&JUvlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&; EkdifiHa&;awGudkvnf; rD;armif;xdk;NyD; a&;cJhwmyg/ 'gaMumifh umwGef;qdkwm pme,fZif;rsm; twGuf tvGef ta&;ygvmygw,f/ jrefrmumwGef; tcef;[m us,fjyefY vmygw,f/ 'DvdkumwGef; ynm tqifhtwef; jrifhatmif wDxGifBudK;pm;cJh olrsm;rSm OD;[defpGef;vnf; wpfOD; tygt0ifyg/

OD;[defpGef;[m [dkppf rjzpfcifu pNyD; ppfNyD;vdkY vGwfvyfa&; &NyD; acwfwdkif awmufavQmuf umwGef; a&;cJhwmyJ/ q&mu usef;rma&;vnf; aumif;w,f/ rdk;vif;NyD qdkuwnf;u tdrfuxGufNyD; *sme,f r*¾Zif;wdkufawG avQmufwmyg/ aMumfjim udk,fpm;vS,f vkyfawmh udk,fwkdif aMumfjimawG vdkuf&wm? &efukef tESHYaygh/ tjrJwrf; oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif; aewwfwJh q&myg/ t0wftpm; 0wfqifwJh ae&mrSmvnf; ta&miftaoG; EkEkpdkpdkav;awG 0wfwm? toufBuD;vdkY uG,fvGefcsdef txd q&m[m aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif aeoGm;wmyJ/ q&mhudk NrdKUxJrSm awGY&if tdwfBuD;wpfvHk; qGJvdkY? aeyl rdk;&Gmra&Smif oGm;aevdkY ajravQmuf 0dZÆmBuD;vdkYawmif wifpm;wmyg/ taygif;toif;uvnf; rsm;yg bdoeJY/

vlBuD;vli,fBudKuf [mo yHkjyifawGuvnf; ukefEdkifw,f r&Sdbl;/ q&mhxHu a[mwpfyk'f a[m wpfyk'f xGufaewmyg/ xl;xl;qef;qef; abmyifvdk? rD;jcpfvdk t½kyf uav;awG rMumcP xkwfjywwf ygw,f/

OD;[defpGef;&JUZmwdu armfvNrdKifuyg/ tbOD;[kwfuef? trda':jrwdkY u 1902 ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;cJhygw,f/ &efukef pdefaygausmif;rSm ynmoif cJhwmyg/ OD;baZmf[m vufOD; q&myg/ 1923 ckESpfxkwf bm;rm;bGdKif paumuf r*¾Zif;rSm umwGef; pqGJygw,f/ 1928 ckESpf? &efukef wuúodkvf ausmif;om; b0uwnf;u aumvdyf r*¾Zif;rsm;rSm umwGef; a&;wmyJ/ q&mu jyifyukrÜPD aMumfjimrsm;udk umwGef;tjzpf pqGJygw,f/ 1927 ckESpfrSm &,f&TifzG,f tvif; r*¾Zif; ay:vmawmh tJ'D r*¾Zif;rSm ig;ESpfavmuf umwGef; a&;cJhao;w,f/ '*kefr*¾Zif;? &efukefwkdif;? c&pörwf pmapmifrsm;eJY &efukefa*Zuf t*Fvdyf owif;pmrsm;rSmvnf; umwGef; qGJygw,f/ OD;[defpGef;&JU q&mrsm;[m OD;baZmfeJY OD;buav;qdkawmh OD;[defpGef;&JUvuf&mawG[m tpOD;uawmh olYq&mrsm;&JUvuf&mawG vTrf; aewmaygh/ aemufydkif;rSmawmh OD;[defpGef;&JUudk,fydkifvuf&m oefYoefY&,fvdkY jzpfvmygw,f/

OD;[defpGef; aumvdyfausmif;om; b0 1929 ckESpfu AE¨Kv ½kyf&SifrSm tJ'D tcsdefu acwfpm;aewJh OD;uvdefoDcsif;udk o½kyfazmfwJh umwGef; ½kyf&Sif twdkav; wDxGifcJhygw,f/ OD;odef;(Z0e)u ulNyD; a&; qGJay;ygw,f/ jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmrSmvnf; umwGef; a&;cJhao;wmyJ/ tMuHydkifaom iacG; qdkwJh umwGef;[m emrnfBuD; tywfpOf umwGef;cef;aygh/ q&mu pme,fZif; tpHkrSm umwGef; qGJwmyg/ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? EdkifiHa&;? oa&mfpm? aMumfjim vdkif;pHkatmif a&;wmyJ/

ol&d, owif;pm? AE¨Kv? jrefrm[dw pwJhtjcm; *sme,frsm;rSmvnf; umwGef; a&;ygw,f/ tEkynmeJY ywfoufwJh aqmif;yg;awGvnf; a&;wmyJ/ jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmu tjcm; r*¾Zif; pmapmifrsm;rSm umwGef;a&;wm rBudKufvdkY OD;[defpGef;udk wpfv 60d^- eJY vcpm; wkdufydkif umwGef;q&m tjzpf cefYw,f/ pme,fZif; avmurSm yxrOD;qHk; wdkufydkif vcpm; umwGef;q&m[m OD;[defpGef;yJaygh/ rdwfaqGumwGef; OD;b*srf;&JU MuufawmifuG eJY tol&m umwGef; ½kyf&Sifrsm;udkvnf; twlwuG ulnD a&;qGJay; cJhygw,f/

OD;[defpGef; a&;cJhwJh tMuHydkifaom iacG; umwGef;[m tvGef acwfpm;cJhwmyg/ &yfxJ &GmxJrSmvnf; tMuHydkifaom iacG; qdkwJh pum;oHk;av;[m wGifus,f vSygw,f/ tNidrfh rif;orD;awG&JUoDcsif;xJawmif xnfhqdkMuw,f/ ppfNyD;awmh 'DtMuHydkifaom iacG; qdkwJh umwGef;[m aoG;aomuf r*¾Zif;rSm qufNyD; oHk;aewm awGYEdkifygw,f/ OD;[defpGef;[m vHkYv? 0D&d,vnf; tvGef&Sdwm/ oGm;av&mrSm uavmif? riftdk;? puúLrsm; ydkufoGm;wmyJ/ a&muf&mrSm xkdifNyD; umwGef; a&;wmuvm;? jrefvnf;jrefw,f/ vuf&muvnf; aumif;awmh pme,fZif;? owif;pm? ukrÜPDawGu oHk;wmaygh/ o½kyfazmf ykHawGu wu,fo½kyf ygwmudk;/ pdwfaumif; apwemvnf; &Sdygw,f/

olwpfxl;udkvnf; ulnD ½dkif;yif;wJh pdwfwu,f &SdwmyJ/ c&D;oGm; umwGef;q&m (ajravQmuf0dZÆm OD;[defpGef;vdkY) cspfpEdk; wifpm;&rSmyJ/ *syefacwfrSm tpdk;&xkwf Armhacwf owif;pmrSm wpfv 300d^-pm; vcpm; umwGef;q&m vkyfcJhao;w,f/ *syef tpdk;&xkwf Greater Asia t*Fvdyf owif;pmrSmvnf; tywfpOf umwGef;a&;qGJcJhw,f/ pme,fZif; avmurSmawmh vdkif;pHkaeatmif a&;cJhwmyJ/

1940 jynfhESpfrSm a':rrcif(bDat) trftufpD (csDum*dk) t,f'Dwm vkyfwJh ausmif;om;owif;pm xGufvmw,f/ ieD? rdeD qdkwJh uav;rsm; twGuf umwGef; tcef;av; ygvmygw,f/ aemufawmh OD;[defpGef;&JU ieD? rdeD umwGef; aygif;csKyfudk ausmif;om; owif;pmu xkwfa0cJhygw,f/ uav;awGudk umwGef; ynmeJY pme,fZif; avmuxJ vufqGJ ac:aqmifvmcJhol OD;[defpGef;[m yxrvdkY qdk&r,f/

umwGef; ÚmPfprf;av;awGeJY pme,fZif;awGrSm uav;awG pdwf0ifpm; vmatmif a&;cJhwmyJ/ uav;awG twGuf ynm ay;&mrSm umwGef; OD;b*srf;vdkyJ apwem tvGef&SdwJh q&mBuD;yg/ ppfBudK acwfuwnf;u umwGef; OD;buav;? umwGef; OD;[defpGef;eJY pma&; q&mZ0ewdkY[m wGJzuf nDvSwJh &JoHk;abmf pmay rdwfaqGjzpfcJhwmyg/ q&mBuD;[m ppfBudKacwfu pNyD; umwGef;a&; cJhwm ppfNyD;awmhvnf; a&;aewmyJ/ NrdKUxJaeYwdkif; xGufNyD; r*¾Zif; wkdufwum vSnfhNyD; oGm;w,f/ pD;yGm;a&; aMumfjimawG vkduf&Smw,f/ a&;w,f/ tifrwef wufwuf~uG~uGeJY aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif aewmyg/ cifrifp&m tvGefaumif;wJh umwGef; q&mBuD;yg/

wu,fawmh umwGef; q&mBuD; OD;[defpGef;[m ppfBudKacwfu pNyD; umwGef; a&;cJhwmyJ/ wpfoufvHk; 'DumwGef; ynmeJYyJ toufarG; oGm;wmyg/ uav; vli,frsm; twGuf tqdyftawmuf rjzpfapbJ todynmay; umwGef;rsm;udkom wpdkufrwfrwf a&;cJhwmyg/ acwfumv tavsmuf xGuf&SdcJhwJh r*¾Zif;? owif;pm toD;oD;rsm;wGif vdkif;pHkatmif umwGef; a&;cJhwmyJ/ 1987 ckESpfa&mufawmh OD;[defpGef; touf[m 85 ESpfjynfh vmygw,f/ tdkvmw,f/ em;xdkif; vmw,f/

'gayr,fh NrdKUxJudk cg;BuD; udkif;udkif;eJY oGm;wkef;vmwkef;? vSy Eke,fwJh t0wftpm;av;awGudkvnf; 0wfwkef;yJ/ aemufqHk; tdk&mu emvmNyD; tdyf&mxJ vJrSyJ tjyif rxGufawmhw,f/ 'DvdkeJY touf 85 ESpft&G,f 1987 ckESpf ZGefv 30 &ufaeYrSm ajravQmuf0dZÆmBuD; OD;[defpGef; uG,fvGefcJhygw,f/ jrefrma&S;OD; umwGef; ynm&SifBuD; wpfOD;jzpfNyD; umwGef;ynm wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufaMumif; BudK;pm;cJhwJh yk*¾dKvfBuD; jzpfvdkY tpOfowd& av;pm;xdkufaMumif; ygAsm/

opöm? arwåm udkudkatmif
(a&TYtjrKaw r*¾Zif;?azaz:0g&Dv 2011)

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1/ pme,fZif;ordkif;? pmwrf;rsm;
2/ jrefrmhyef;csDordkif; &mrnudkudkEdkif
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