[mm],dk;',m; - jrefrm ppfyGJrsm;[/mm]

[chitpa]

[ vdk cspfy rS uarmfuif; cspfy rS uarmfuif; uif;jzpfvm; uif;jzpfvm; a&muf&mu taMumif;jyef a&muf&mu taMumif;jyef

'DvlMuD; wdk.vdk. wef;vef; MuD;eJ.awmh rxm;cJheJ.aemf
udkarmfuif; ydk.pfawGudk apmifhapmifhzwfae&w,fAsm

em;vnfygw,fAsm 'grsKd;uvJ ayghayghyg;yg;a&;w,fqdkayr,fh wu,fawmh xifoavmufrayghyg;ygbl;
pum;rpyf udkwrf;wa& tJh'Dyef;csDum;udk tJh'Dacwfu qGJcJhwmvm; 'grS r[kwfaemufrS qGJwJh yef;csDum;vm;qdkwmaum oli,fcsif;u ajymjycJhvm;As arhoGm;vJ udpör&Sdygbl; at;aq;yg

bmyJ jzpfjzpf udkarmfuif;a& usaemfwdk.uawmh ydk.pfawG arQmfaew,faemfAs

apmifharQmfvsuf

cspfy

[mokenlay]

6/

yxrtBudrf t,k'¨,odkUcsDwufNcif;

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rkwÅrrSm wyifa&TxD;eJY bk&ifYaemifwdkY ppfa&;tpDpOfudk qGJBuowJY? ppfa&;tpDtpOft& rGefwyfu xm;0,fudk odrf;&r,f? rGefwyfrSm OD;aqmif&rJYolu rkwÅrpm;apmv*Gef;tdef eJY oHvsifpm; Anm;OD;/ Anm;OD;u Bunf;wyfudk OD;aqmif&r,f? apv*Gef;tdefu a&wyfudkOD;aqmif&r,f? 'DESpfwyf&JU OD;pDcsKyfu apmv*Gef;tdef (olu 'um&Gwfydrif;eJY nDtudk0rf;uGJwJY)/ wm0efu xm;0,fNrdKUNyefodrf;zdkUeJY e,fpyfuae ta,mifNyzdkU/ ('DtaBumif; ,dk;',m;bufu bmrSraz:Nyxm;bl;)

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aemufqHk;wyfu t"duwyf? 'Dwyfudk ol&,f bk&ifYaemif&,f acgif;aqmifw,f? Nynfpm;wdkU ykodrfpm;wdkUtNyif bk&ifYaemif&JUom; aemiftcgrSm eE´bk&ifNzpfvmrJYoltygt0if ay:wl*DaBu;pm;wyfawGygw,f? 'Day:wl*Dwyfudk acgif;aqmifwmu rGefawGeJYwdkufcJY&wJY rkwÅrwdkufyGJrSm rGefawGbufu ay:wl*D700avmufudk OD;aqmifNyD; wyifa&TxD;&JUawmifilwyfawGudk wdkufcdkufwJY a&wyfAdkvf um&kdvdk udk tedKif,lcJYwJY ay:wl*DppfAdkvf 'Da,*dkqdk0g&ufwJY/ olYvufatmufrSm rm;puwfaoewfeJY taNrmufudkif ay:wl*DaBu;pm;ppfom; 900avmufeJY tm&yfeJY tdEd´,uaBu;pm;ppfom;awGvnf; trsm;BuD;ygw,fvdkU ,dk;',m;&mZ0ifawGu az:NyayrJU NrefrmU&mZ0ifawGrSmawmU aBu;pm;ppfom; 400 avmufyJ ygw,fvdkU az:Nyxm;w,f/ 'gayrJU wckawG;p&mu rkwÅrbk&if apmAnm;qDrSm trSKxrf;wmu ay:wl*D 700 avmuf&Sdw,fvdkU az:Nyzl;wm&SdwJYtNyif rkwÅrudkodrf;NyD; vrf;&zrf;rdwJY apmAnm;eJYolrdom;pk? apmAnm;&JU ta&;ygwJY ppfAdkvf trwfawGudk &uf&ufpufpufowfypfvdkufw,fqdkayrJU ay:wl*DawGeJY oludk,fopömcHolawGudk wyifa&TxD;csD;aNrmufcJYw,fqdkwJY trSwftom;&SdcJYawmU t&if&SdwJY aBu;pm;awGeJY rkwÅru&wJY ay:wl*DaBu;pm;awG aygif;vdkuf&if wpfaxmifywf0ef;usifrSm &SdaeavawmU ,dk;',m;&mZ0ifuaNymwJY ta&twGufu rSefavmufr,fxifygw,f/

wyifa&TxD;\ppfaBumif;rsm;

wyifa&TxD;eJY bk&ifYaemifwdkU&JUwyf[m Bunf;aBumif;csDwyfoufoufNzpfNyD; ,dk;',m;awGbufu rSwfwrf;t& qif 700? Nrif; 3000 eJY ppfonf 3odef;vdkUNyNyD;? Nrefrmbufu qif200? Nrif; 8000 axmifeJY ppfonf 4aomif;vdkU Nyygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm ,dk;',m;eJY Nrefrm rSwfwrf;awGu qifeJY Nrifta&twGufrSm ruGmvSayrJU ppfonfta&twGufu t&rf;uGm[aeygw,f/ 'gayrJU 3odef;qdkwmu tawmfYudkrsm;wJY ta&twGufyg? NyD;awmU ppfaBumif;uvnf; oHk;aBumif;awmifcGJxkwf&wJY NrefrmwyfrSm ppfonf3 odef;qdkwmawmU b,fvdkrSr&SdedKifygbl;? &SdvSaomif;*Pef;ygyJ? 'g[m ,dk;',m;rSwfwrf;awGu olwdkYnHUvdkUr[kwfyJ tiftm;csif;r,SOfedKifvdkU qdkwJYtqdkudk xkwfNycsifwmvdkU ,lqrdygw,f/

c&pfESpf 1549 rSm wyifa&TxD[m t,k'¨,udk a&S;&SKNyD; ppfcsDygw,f/ wyifa&TxD;csDwuf&m vrf;aBumif;u &mZm"d&mZf&JU ta&;awmfyHkumv rkwÅr33NrdKU odrf;oGif;pOf v*Gef;tdefpNyD; pGrf;&nfNycJYwJY oHarmifNrdKUodrf; wdkufyGJawGwkef;u oHk;cJYwJY vrf;aBumif;ygyJ/ armfvNrdKifem;u twÅ&HNrpftwdkif; pHkqif;? aemuf rk'Hkem;u acsmif;ESpfcG ('Dem;rSm kale qdkwJU Bumtif;qdyfBuD;NrdKYe,fydkif &Gmwpf&Gm&Sdw,f? 'D&Gm[m aemufydkif; NrefrmeJY xdkif;&mZ0ifudk rsufpdvnfapwJY &GmNzpfvmw,f) udkausmf ZrdNrpftwdkif; qufqif;NyD; bk&m;oHk;qlawmifBum; Nzwfvrf;udk NzwfwJYvrf;aBumif;ygyJ/ (arSmifcdkacwfu arSmifcdkorm;awGtoHk;rsm;cJYwJYvrf;aBumif;aygY)/

rxifrSwfwJY vrf;aBumif;uae xdk;qif;vmwJY NrefrmUppfaBumif; bk&m;oHk;qlem;a&mufrS t,k'¨,bk&if r[mcsufuzufu od&ygowJY/ yxrawmU NrefrmppfaBumif;[m rJYaqmuf vrf;aBumif;uaevmr,f xif&vdkU zdpEkvkyfbk&if r[morm&mZm ('Dvlu r[mcsmuzufudk eef;wifay;cJYwJY olU&JUoli,fcsif; z&mUqefzufyJ/ r[mcsmuzufu olYudkaus;Zl;NyKcJYwJY olYoli,fcsif;udk olYorD;BuD;ay;NyD; orwfaNrSmufvdkU aNrmufydkif;&JU ta&;ygwJY NrdKU zdpeKvkyfrSm bk&ifvkyfapcJUw,f) OD;pD;NyD; pkcdkxdkif;? wmYcfeJY uefzefzpfe,fpm;awGeJY r,fYaqmuf (&[dkif;)uae0ifvmrJU Nrefrmbk&ifvQmrJtrif; (wyifa&TxD;&JUvQm[m arG;uwnf;u rJaeowJY? tmpufvQmpufodyfaumif;NyD; tpGrf;&SdwJYbk&ifvdkU ,dk;',m;awGu qdkBuw,f? tcsKdYu&ifawGuawmU awmifilom;wyifa&TxD;[m u&ifpyfwJY? a*gY'ftmrDacgif;aqmif vlom [m wyifa&TxD;0ifpm;wmvdkU ,Hkolu,HkBuowJY) &JU wyfawGudk ckcHxm;zdkU trdefUay;xm;NyD; taNcaeudk apmifYBunfYaecJYwmwJY/

wyifa&TxD;csDwuf&mvrf;aBumif;

tckawmU NrefrmwyfawGu rxifrSwfxm;wJY vrf;aBumif;uae &kwfw&uf0ifvmawmU a&SmUcfNzpfoGm;wmaygY? bk&m;oHk;qlvrf;u r,fYaqmufvrf;xuf t,k'¨,a&mufzdkU odyfwdkwmudk;/ 'geJY tiftm;tNrefpkNyD; uefcsebl&DNrdKUudk oludk,fwdkifOD;aqmifcsDwufNyD; NrefrmwyfawGudk ppfcHzdkU NyifqifygawmUw,f/

[mokenlay]

7/

t,k'¨rif;\rdzk&m; pk&D,dkxdkif;usqHk;Ncif;

wyifa&TxD;&JU NrefrmwyfawGudk &ifqdkifzdkU ppfxGufvmwJY r[mcsmuzuf[m t,k'¨,NrdKUtaemufbufu pzefbl&Da&mufwJYtcgrSm Oaxmif;rif;tkyfpkeJY pkcdkxdkif;rif;tkyfpkwdkU aygif;NyD; tmPmodrf;edKifw,fqdkwJY owif;udk&ygowJY/ wu,fawmU r[mcsmuzufxD;eef;&wmu wpfESpfawmifrNynfYwwfao;bl;qdkawmU 'DvdkNyóemrsKd;awGu rqef;bl;aygY/ 'geJY om;awmfESpfyg;eJY wyftcsKdYudkeef;awmf NyefvTwfNyD; 'Dudpöudk&Sif;vif;apwmaygY? oludk,fwdkifuawmU pzefbl&DrSm pcef;csNyD; wyfultcsKdYudk uefcsbl&DudkydkUvdkU NrefrmawG&JUxdk;ppftaNcaeudk apmifYBunfYzdkU qHk;NzwfvdkufygowJY/

wyifa&TxD;OD;aqmifwJY NrefrmwyfawG[m bk&m;oHk;qlawmifBum;vrf;uae ta&SYawmifbufudk csDwufvmwm yxrqHk; ,dk;',m;awG&JU pefpyfqdkwJY&Gmudka&mufw,f? 'D&Gm[m auG;EGJYacsmif; (Small Kwai River) &JUtzsm;rSm&SdwJY acsmif;zsm;&GmaygY (tckawmU a&umwmBuD;atmuf a&mufoGm;ygNyD)? pefpyfuae NrefrmwyfawG[m azmifBuD;awGzGJYNyD; ukef;vrf;ua&m a&vrf;uyg awmifbufudk qufcsDygowJY/

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prf&GwfwdkufyGJESifY uefcsbl&Dtm;odrf;ydkufNcif;Ny aNryHk (,cifu a&umwmBuD;rsm;r&Sdyg)

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pzefbl&DrSm wyfcsNyD; taNcaeudkapmifYBunfYaewJY r[mcsmuzufeJY uefcsbl&Dpm;wdkUawGYNyD; NrefrmwyfawG tiftm;rsm;aBumif; NrdKUpm;u avQmufwifowJY? ol&JUavQmufwifcsufudk Bum;&awmU rSL;rwfaoemywdBuD;awGeJY wdkifyifowJY/ rSL;rwfawGu Nrefrmbk&if[m c&D;ta0;BuD;vm&wm 'DawmU Bum&if&du©mNyóemBuHKrSmyJ? NyD;awmU tckuaEGa&mufaeNyD? aemufxyftcsdefeJeJqGJwdkuf&if rdk;&moDa&mufawmYrSmrdkY 'Da'oBuD;[m a&zHk;oGm;awmUr,f? 'DawmU &du©mawGudk t,k'¨,NrdKUawmfxJ oGif;NyD; NrdkUawmfxJuae ckcHoifYw,fvdkU tBuHay;BuowJY/ (wyifa&TxD; rkwÅruae pcsDcJYwm ewfawmf-Nymodk qdkawmU uefcsbl&Dudk vuf&odrf;ydkufcsdef[m wydkUwGJ-waygif; aygY)

t,k'¨,[m NrpfBuD;awG 0dkif;ywfaevdkU uRef;vdkNzpfaeNyD; a'ou a&qif;raumif;wJY aNrNym;aNrNyefYa'oqdkawmU rdk;&moDqdk a&awGeJY zHk;vTrf;aewwfwJYa'oav/ rSL;rwfaoemywdBuD;awG&JU tqdkudk rdzk&mBuD;pk&D,dkxdkif;uvnf; axmufcHowJY? 'geJYyJ r[mcsmuzuf[m pzefbl&DrSm&SdwJY cHppfudkawmU rNzKwfayrJU usefwJY uefcsbl&DeJY t,k'¨,Bum;rSm&SdwJY NrdKUBuD;awGu vlolvufeuf&du©mawGudk t,k'¨,NrdKUxJoGif;NyD; NrdKUxJuae tiftm;tvHktavmufeJU cHppfudkNyifxm;vdkufygowJY/

t,k'¨,udk 0ef;&HydwfqdkUNcif; (0duD)

'DvdkeJY wyifa&TxDOD;aqmifwJY NrefrmwyfawG[m bef;xGrf;? ywlbefwl? ausmf&cJpefzef? Oaxmif; eJY bef;cavmif;'Gef qdkwJY NrdKUBuD;NrdKUi,fawGudk odrf;NyD aemufqHk;pzefbl&Dudk a&mufvmygava&m/pzefbl&DrSm r[mcsufuzufudk,fwdkifOD;pD;NyD; Nrefrmwyfudk wdkufygw,f? 'gayrJU Nrefrmwyf&JUxdk;ppfudk olwdkUb,fvdkrS rckcHedKifbl;wJY txl;oNzifY qifay:wifxm;wJY taNrmuf'PfaygY/

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[mokenlay]

9/

qifNzLawmfppfyGJ (odkYr[kwf) 'kwd, ,dk;',m;NrefrmppfyGJ/

ppfrNzpfrSDtaNcaeESifY ppfNzpf&Ncif; taBumif;t&if;rsm; -1

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av&mcsKdif

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qufygOD;r,f ....

(tysif;BuD;aewJY usaemfYudk oHcRefeJYwdkYwdkYay;aecJYwJY udkcspfytwGuf)

[chitpa]

udkarmfuif;a&

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cspfy

[mokenlay]

10/

qifNzLawmfppfyGJ (odkYr[kwf) 'kwd, ,dk;',m;NrefrmppfyGJ/

ppfrNzpfrSDtaNcaeESifY ppfNzpf&Ncif; taBumif;t&if;rsm; -2

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qufygOD;r,f

[mokenlay]

11/

qifNzLawmfppfyGJ (odkYr[kwf) 'kwd, ,dk;',m;NrefrmppfyGJ/

bk&ifaemif\tiftm;

wyifa&TxD;vkyfBuHtowfcH&tNyD; olpkpnf;xm;wJY [Hom0wD-awmifiltifyg,m NydKuGJoGm;csdefrSm bk&ifYaemif[m wyftcsKdYudk csKyfudkifxm;edKifayrJU e,faNrrJY &mxl;rJY taetxm;rsKd;rSm&SdaecJYowJY? olYudk,fwyifa&TxD;u bm&mxl;rSm r,fr,f&&ray;xm;ovdk bmNrdKYudkrS pm;apqdkNyD; ay;cJYwmrsKd;rSr&Sdwm? 'gayrJU bk&ifYaemifuHaumif;wmu t&nftaoG;&SdwJY rGefwyfrSL;awGeJYtwl emrnfausmf ay:wl*DppfAdkvfBuD; 'Da,*dkqdk0g&ufwdkY[m olwdkY&JUwyfzGJYawGeJYtwl rGefbk&ifopf&JU vufatmufudk rcdk0ifyJ wdkufyGJrsm;pGm twlyl;aygif;vufwGJ wdkufyGJ0ifcJYwJY bk&ifYaemifeJYyJ qufvufvufwGJcJYBuwmyJ/

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[mokenlay]

12/

qifNzLawmfppfyGJ (odkYr[kwf) 'kwd, ,dk;',m;NrefrmppfyGJ/

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